Question

1. pyruvate converting into acetyl - coa is a crucial step. inhibitors work by binding to the enzyme, either at active site or at an allosteric site, and preventing the normal substrate from binding or changing the enzymes shape so it cannot function properly| 2. what changes in concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide would you expect to find in the blood of a person who is forced to exercise on a treadmill beyond his normal capacity? how might these changes affect the persons blood ph? why? would we expect this person to perform a high level under these circumstances? why? 3. fructose is a common sugar found in fruit and most processed foods (pops, sweets, etc). some people have fructose intolerance where they lack the critical enzyme necessary to utilize the sugar as an energy source. however, they can easily metabolize glucose. explain metabolically and in detail why a person with fructose intolerance will feel tired and have a profound lack of energy when they consume a diet high in fructose. 4. if given any dna sequence, a student should be capable of finding a complementary dna strand or rna strand. students should also know how to create a protein using mrna and trna. explain how mutations can affect protein synthesis.

Explanation:

Step1: Analyze exercise - related gas changes

During intense exercise beyond normal capacity, the body's oxygen demand increases. Cells consume more oxygen for aerobic respiration. At the same time, more carbon - dioxide is produced as a by - product of increased metabolic activity. So, the concentration of oxygen in the blood decreases and the concentration of carbon dioxide increases.

Step2: Analyze blood pH change

Carbon dioxide combines with water in the blood to form carbonic acid ($CO_2 + H_2O
ightleftharpoons H_2CO_3$), which then dissociates into hydrogen ions ($H^+$) and bicarbonate ions ($HCO_3^-$). The increase in hydrogen ions lowers the blood pH, making it more acidic.

Step3: Analyze performance impact

A decrease in blood pH (acidosis) can affect muscle function and enzyme activity. Enzymes have an optimal pH range for activity, and a deviation from this range can reduce their efficiency. Muscle contractions may be impaired, and overall physical performance is likely to decline.

Step4: Analyze fructose intolerance

Fructose intolerance is due to a lack of an enzyme for fructose metabolism. Without this enzyme, fructose cannot be properly converted into an energy - yielding intermediate. Since the body cannot efficiently use fructose as an energy source, it relies more on glucose. When consuming a high - fructose diet, the body may not be able to meet its energy demands, leading to tiredness and a lack of energy.

Step5: Analyze mutation effects on protein synthesis

Mutations in DNA can change the nucleotide sequence. During transcription, this altered DNA sequence will result in a different mRNA sequence. During translation, the wrong tRNA may bind to the mRNA codon if the codon has been changed by the mutation. This can lead to the incorporation of the wrong amino acid into the growing polypeptide chain, potentially resulting in a non - functional or malfunctioning protein.

Answer:

1. Oxygen concentration in the blood decreases, carbon dioxide concentration increases. The blood pH decreases (becomes more acidic) because carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid which dissociates to release hydrogen ions. Performance is likely to decline as acidosis can impair enzyme activity and muscle function.
2. People with fructose intolerance lack the enzyme for fructose metabolism. They cannot efficiently use fructose as an energy source. A high - fructose diet fails to meet their energy needs, causing tiredness and lack of energy.
3. Mutations in DNA change the mRNA sequence during transcription. This can lead to the wrong tRNA binding during translation, incorporating wrong amino acids and potentially creating non - functional proteins.