semester 1 review - biology name:
provide a thorough, accurate, complete description and explanation for each item. fill the page!
review needs to be completed by the end of class tuesday to earn & use a 5 x 7 note card front/back on the test.
unit 1 - investigation skills
scientific method(steps)
hypothesis
theory
law
independent variable
dependent variable
control group
experimental group
characteristics of life
spontaneous
generation
biogenesis
scientists in this unit
unit 2: biochemistry
atom
element
molecule
3 subatomic
particles, charges &
location
ph scale
acid / base
water cohesion
water adhesion
valence e-
happy 8 (stable) e-
atomic models
(bohr and lewis dot)

Question

semester 1 review - biology  name:
provide a thorough, accurate, complete description and explanation for each item. fill the page!
review needs to be completed by the end of class tuesday to earn & use a 5 x 7 note card front/back on the test.
unit 1 - investigation skills
scientific method(steps)
hypothesis
theory
law
independent variable
dependent variable
control group
experimental group
characteristics of life
spontaneous
generation
biogenesis
scientists in this unit
unit 2: biochemistry
atom
element
molecule
3 subatomic
particles, charges &
location
ph scale
acid / base
water cohesion
water adhesion
valence e-
happy 8 (stable) e-
atomic models
(bohr and lewis dot)

Accepted Answer

To answer this, we'll describe each term (using the Answer - Explanation Format as it's about Biology concepts, a subfield of Natural Science): ### Unit 1 - Investigation Skills #### Scientific Method(steps) # Brief Explanations: The scientific method has steps: 1. **Observation**: Notice a phenomenon. 2. **Question**: Ask about the observation. 3. **Hypothesis**: Propose a testable explanation. 4. **Experiment**: Test the hypothesis with controlled conditions. 5. **Data Analysis**: Analyze results (graphs, stats). 6. **Conclusion**: Determine if hypothesis is supported/rejected. 7. **Communication**: Share findings. # Answer: 1. Observation (identify a problem/question), 2. Question (formulate a testable question), 3. Hypothesis (proposed explanation), 4. Experiment (test hypothesis with variables), 5. Data Analysis (interpret results), 6. Conclusion (accept/reject hypothesis), 7. Communication (share findings). #### Hypothesis # Brief Explanations: A hypothesis is a **testable, tentative explanation** for a scientific question. It's a prediction (e.g., "If plants get more light, they grow taller") that can be supported or refuted by experiment. # Answer: A testable, tentative explanation for a scientific phenomenon, predicting the relationship between variables (e.g., "If [IV], then [DV]"). #### Theory # Brief Explanations: A theory is a **well - supported, comprehensive explanation** for a broad set of phenomena. It's based on extensive evidence (e.g., Cell Theory, Theory of Evolution) and is widely accepted in science. It's not a "guess" but a robust explanation. # Answer: A well - supported, broad explanation for natural phenomena, based on extensive experimental evidence (e.g., Theory of Evolution, Cell Theory). #### Law # Brief Explanations: A scientific law is a **description of a natural phenomenon** (e.g., Newton's Laws, Law of Conservation of Mass). It states what happens (e.g., "In a chemical reaction, mass is conserved") but not why (unlike a theory). # Answer: A statement describing a natural phenomenon (e.g., Law of Gravity: objects attract each other), summarizing what happens in nature. #### Independent Variable # Brief Explanations: The independent variable (IV) is the **variable the experimenter manipulates** (e.g., in a plant growth experiment, the amount of light—you change it to see its effect). It's the "cause" in a cause - effect relationship. # Answer: The variable manipulated by the experimenter (e.g., light intensity in a plant growth experiment) to observe its effect on the dependent variable. #### Dependent Variable # Brief Explanations: The dependent variable (DV) is the **variable that responds** to the independent variable (e.g., plant height—changes because of light). It's the "effect" measured in the experiment. # Answer: The variable that changes in response to the independent variable (e.g., plant growth rate as DV when light is IV). #### Control Group # Brief Explanations: The control group is the **group in an experiment with no manipulation of the independent variable** (or gets the "normal" condition). It's used for comparison (e.g., in a drug trial, the control group gets a placebo, not the drug, to see if the drug works). # Answer: The group in an experiment with no change to the independent variable (or standard conditions), used for comparison with the experimental group. #### Experimental Group # Brief Explanations: The experimental group is the **group in an experiment that gets the manipulation of the independent variable** (e.g., in a plant experiment, the group with extra fertilizer—fertilizer is IV). # Answer: The group in an experiment that receives the manipulation of the independent variable (to test its effect). #### Characteristics of Life # Brief Explanations: Living things have: 1. **Cells**: Basic unit of life (unicellular/multicellular). 2. **Reproduction**: Make more of their kind (sexual/asexual). 3. **Metabolism**: Use energy (photosynthesis, cellular respiration). 4. **Homeostasis**: Maintain internal balance (e.g., body temperature). 5. **Heredity**: Pass traits to offspring (DNA). 6. **Response to Stimuli**: React to environment (plant bends to light). 7. **Growth and Development**: Increase in size/complexity. # Answer: 1. Composed of cells (unicellular/multicellular), 2. Reproduce (sexual/asexual), 3. Metabolize (use energy), 4. Maintain homeostasis (internal balance), 5. Have heredity (pass DNA - coded traits), 6. Respond to stimuli (react to environment), 7. Grow and develop (increase in size/complexity). #### Spontaneous Generation # Brief Explanations: Spontaneous generation was the **disproven idea** that living things could arise from non - living matter (e.g., maggots from rotting meat). Experiments (e.g., Redi's, Pasteur's) showed life comes from pre - existing life. # Answer: Disproven theory that living organisms arise from non - living matter (e.g., "maggots from meat"—disproven by Redi/Pasteur). #### Biogenesis # Brief Explanations: Biogenesis is the **accepted principle** that living things come only from pre - existing living things (e.g., a new plant from a seed, a baby from parents). Pasteur's experiment supported this. # Answer: The principle that living organisms arise only from pre - existing living organisms (supported by Pasteur's experiments). #### Scientists in this Unit # Brief Explanations: Common scientists: 1. **Francesco Redi**: Disproved spontaneous generation (meat - maggot experiment). 2. **Louis Pasteur**: Disproved spontaneous generation (swan - neck flask experiment) and supported biogenesis. 3. **Robert Hooke**: Discovered cells (cork). 4. **Anton van Leeuwenhoek**: Observed microorganisms. # Answer: - Francesco Redi (disproved spontaneous generation with meat experiment) - Louis Pasteur (disproved spontaneous generation, supported biogenesis) - Robert Hooke (discovered cells in cork) - Anton van Leeuwenhoek (observed microorganisms) ### Unit 2: Biochemistry #### Atom # Brief Explanations: An atom is the **smallest unit of an element** that retains its chemical properties. It has a nucleus (protons + neutrons) and electrons orbiting the nucleus. # Answer: The smallest unit of an element with its chemical properties, consisting of a nucleus (protons/neutrons) and electrons. #### Element # Brief Explanations: An element is a **pure substance** made of only one type of atom (e.g., C for carbon, O for oxygen). Elements are on the periodic table. # Answer: A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom (e.g., carbon (C), oxygen (O)). #### Molecule # Brief Explanations: A molecule is a **group of two or more atoms** (same or different) bonded together (e.g., $O_2$ (oxygen molecule), $H_2O$ (water molecule)). # Answer: A group of two or more atoms (same or different) covalently bonded (e.g., $O_2$, $H_2O$). #### 3 Subatomic Particles, Charges & Location # Brief Explanations: 1. **Proton**: Positive charge (+), located in the nucleus. 2. **Neutron**: Neutral charge (0), located in the nucleus. 3. **Electron**: Negative charge (-), located in electron clouds/orbitals around the nucleus. # Answer: - Proton: + charge, nucleus - Neutron: 0 charge, nucleus - Electron: - charge, electron cloud (around nucleus) #### pH scale # Brief Explanations: The pH scale (0 - 14) measures **acidity/alkalinity** of a solution. pH < 7 is acidic (more $H^+$), pH = 7 is neutral (e.g., water), pH > 7 is basic (more $OH^-$). # Answer: A scale (0 - 14) measuring solution acidity/alkalinity: pH < 7 (acidic, high $H^+$), pH = 7 (neutral), pH > 7 (basic, high $OH^-$). #### Acid / Base # Brief Explanations: - **Acid**: Substance that donates $H^+$ ions (e.g., HCl), has pH < 7. - **Base**: Substance that accepts $H^+$ (or donates $OH^-$) (e.g., NaOH), has pH > 7. # Answer: - Acid: Donates $H^+$ ions, pH < 7 (e.g., HCl) - Base: Accepts $H^+$ (or donates $OH^-$), pH > 7 (e.g., NaOH) #### Water Cohesion # Brief Explanations: Water cohesion is the **attraction between water molecules** (due to hydrogen bonding). It causes surface tension (e.g., insects walking on water) and water droplets. # Answer: Attraction between water molecules (due to H - bonding), causing surface tension (e.g., water beads, insects on water). #### Water Adhesion # Brief Explanations: Water adhesion is the **attraction between water molecules and other polar substances** (e.g., water sticking to a glass tube—capillary action in plants). # Answer: Attraction between water molecules and non - water polar substances (e.g., capillary action in plants, water on glass). #### Valence e - # Brief Explanations: Valence electrons are the **outermost electrons** of an atom. They determine chemical bonding (atoms bond to fill valence shell—e.g., C has 4 valence e -, needs 4 more to fill). # Answer: Outermost electrons of an atom, determining chemical bonding (e.g., C has 4 valence e -). #### Happy 8 (Stable) e - # Brief Explanations: The "happy 8" (octet rule) states atoms are stable when their valence shell has 8 electrons (except H/He: 2). Atoms bond to achieve 8 valence e - (e.g., O has 6, gains 2; Na has 1, loses 1). # Answer: Atoms are stable (low energy) when valence shell has 8 electrons (octet rule; H/He: 2 e -). Atoms bond to reach 8 valence e -. #### Atomic Models (Bohr and Lewis dot) # Brief Explanations: - **Bohr Model**: Depicts electrons in fixed orbits (energy levels) around the nucleus (like planets). Shows energy levels (e.g., 2, 8, 8... electrons per level). - **Lewis Dot Model**: Shows only valence electrons as dots around the element symbol (e.g., O: •• ••, with 6 valence e -). # Answer: - Bohr Model: Electrons in fixed orbits (energy levels) around nucleus (shows energy levels). - Lewis Dot Model: Valence electrons as dots around element symbol (shows bonding potential).

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Unit 1 - Investigation Skills

Scientific Method(steps)

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Hypothesis