Question

transfer of matter & energy = changes in physical & chemical properties
types of systems
open

• energy & matter are ____________ with surroundings.

closed

• energy is exchanged with surroundings, ____________ is not.

earth’s energy budget

• ____________ law: energy transferred - not created or destroyed.
• ____________ law: spread of energy.
• matter & energy constantly exchanged between spheres.

sources of energy
internal

• radioactive decay creates ____________.
• ____________ - movement of heat.

external

• the ____________
• the ____________ creates earth’s ocean tides.

the nitrogen n cycle

• makes up ____________% of atmosphere.
• move from air to soil to plants and animals and back to air.

the carbon c cycle

• plants convert co₂ from atmosphere into ____________.
• organisms break down glucose and release co₂.

the phosphorus p cycle

• enters soil & water when ____________ breaks down.
• plant absorb p, animals eat plants, when animals die p is returned to the soil.

the water cycle (while listening, match the term with its description)

• ____________ transpiration

a. water moving across earth’s surface

• ____________ precipitation

b. water soaking into the ground

• ____________ condensation

c. evaporation of water from plant surfaces

• ____________ runoff

d. water vapor forming clouds

• ____________ evaporation

e. rain or snow

• ____________ percolation (infiltration)

f. the changing of water from liquid to gas (vapor)
humans & the earth system

• all natural cycles can be altered by ____________ activities.
• c cycle affected by ____________ burning.
• n & p cycles affected by ____________.

ecosystems

• community of organisms and the ____________ environment.
• self - supporting.
• producers - organisms that make their own ____________.

Explanation:

1. In an open - system, energy and matter are exchanged with surroundings.
2. In a closed - system, energy is exchanged but matter is not.
3. The first law of thermodynamics states energy is transferred, not created or destroyed; the second law is about the spread of energy.
4. Radioactive decay creates heat; conduction is the movement of heat.
5. The Sun is a major external energy source; the Moon creates Earth's ocean tides.
6. Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the atmosphere.
7. Plants convert CO₂ into glucose during photosynthesis.
8. Phosphorus enters soil and water when rocks break down.
9. Transpiration is evaporation of water from plant surfaces; precipitation is rain or snow; condensation is water vapor forming clouds; runoff is water moving across Earth's surface; evaporation is changing water from liquid to gas; percolation is water soaking into the ground.
10. Natural cycles can be altered by human activities. The carbon cycle is affected by fossil - fuel burning; nitrogen and phosphorus cycles are affected by agriculture.
11. Ecosystems are communities of organisms and the physical environment. Producers make their own food.

Answer:

1. exchanged
2. matter
3. First law of thermodynamics; Second law of thermodynamics
4. heat; conduction
5. Sun; Moon
6. 78
7. glucose
8. rocks
9. c; e; d; a; f; b
10. human; fossil - fuel; agriculture
11. physical; food