Question

what drives filtration through a membrane?
atp
concentration gradients
physical pressure
electrical gradients

Explanation:

Filtration is a passive membrane process where fluid and solutes are driven across a membrane by a difference in physical pressure (e.g., blood pressure in renal filtration). ATP is used in active transport, concentration gradients drive diffusion, and electrical gradients drive movement of charged particles, none of which are the driver for filtration.

Answer:

Physical pressure