3. what role did alliances play in the spanish victory over the aztecs?
alliances provided the spanish with troops

video #2: the rise and fall of the inca empire - gordon mcewan

4. approximately how many people were part of the inca empire at its peak?

5. who led the spanish conquest of the inca empire?

6. compare the role of disease in the fall of the inca empire with its role in the fall of the aztec empire.

7. consider the role of technology, such as weapons and horses. how important were these factors compared to internal conflict and disease?

Question

3. what role did alliances play in the spanish victory over the aztecs?
alliances provided the spanish with troops

video #2: the rise and fall of the inca empire - gordon mcewan

4. approximately how many people were part of the inca empire at its peak?

5. who led the spanish conquest of the inca empire?

6. compare the role of disease in the fall of the inca empire with its role in the fall of the aztec empire.

7. consider the role of technology, such as weapons and horses. how important were these factors compared to internal conflict and disease?

Accepted Answer

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
The Inca Empire at its peak (around the 15th - 16th centuries) had a population estimated to be between 6 to 14 million people. A commonly cited approximate figure is around 10 million people, though estimates can vary based on different historical research and methods of population calculation.
# Answer:
Approximately 10 million people (estimates range from 6 - 14 million).

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was led by Francisco Pizarro. He, along with his brothers and a small group of Spanish conquistadors, was responsible for the defeat of the Inca Empire, taking advantage of internal conflicts, disease, and technological advantages.
# Answer:
Francisco Pizarro.

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
- **Inca Empire**: Disease (specifically smallpox, brought by the Spanish) played a massive role. It spread rapidly through the Inca population, which had no immunity. The disease killed a large portion of the population, including the Inca emperor Huayna Capac and later contributed to the chaos during the civil war between his sons (Atahualpa and Huáscar). This weakened the empire's social and political structure, making it more vulnerable to Spanish conquest.
- **Aztec Empire**: Smallpox (also introduced by the Spanish and their allies) was also a key factor. It decimated the Aztec population, including important leaders. The disease reduced the Aztec's ability to resist the Spanish - led forces, as it caused widespread death, disrupted their society, and eroded their military capabilities. In both cases, disease was a crucial factor that significantly weakened the empires, making them more susceptible to Spanish conquest by reducing their population, disrupting social order, and undermining their ability to defend themselves.
# Answer:
In both the Inca and Aztec Empires, disease (especially smallpox) was crucial. It killed many, disrupted societies, and weakened defenses, making them more vulnerable to Spanish conquest. The Inca also faced internal conflict, but disease hit after/alongside it; the Aztec faced disease during Spanish - led attacks, both reducing native resistance.

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
- **Technology (weapons, horses)**: Weapons like guns and steel swords gave the Spanish a significant advantage in combat. Horses were also a new and terrifying element for native warriors, providing mobility and a psychological edge. However, their impact was limited in scale initially (few Spanish had guns/horses).
- **Internal conflict**: In the Inca, the civil war between Atahualpa and Huáscar split the empire, weakening its unity and military strength. In the Aztec, there were some groups discontent with Aztec rule, which led to alliances with the Spanish. Internal conflict severely weakened both empires' ability to resist.
- **Disease**: As discussed, disease killed vast numbers, undermining social and military structures.
Overall, internal conflict and disease were more important. Internal conflict divided the empires from within, and disease decimated populations, while technology was a “force multiplier” but relied on the other factors (like native disunity and weakened populations) to be as effective as it was in the conquests.
# Answer:
Internal conflict and disease were more important. Internal conflict (Inca civil war, Aztec discontented groups) split/weakened empires. Disease decimated populations, undermining defense. Technology (weapons/horses) gave an edge but relied on these other factors to be effective in conquest.

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