Question

which of the following best describes the effect of repeated use of alcohol or drugs on dopamine levels and brain circuitry?
a. decreases dopamine release and changes brain circuitry responsible for forming habits
b. increases dopamine release and changes brain circuitry responsible for forming habits
c. no effect on dopamine release but decreases overall brain function
d. none of the above

Explanation:

Repeated use of alcohol or drugs (like addictive substances) increases dopamine release initially, and over time, they alter brain circuitry related to habit - forming (e.g., the reward and habit - related neural pathways). Option a is incorrect as it says decreases dopamine release. Option c is wrong because there is an effect on dopamine release. Option d is incorrect as option b is correct.

Answer:

b. Increases dopamine release and changes brain circuitry responsible for forming habits