Question

1. which of the following is a component of the innate immune system?

a. neutrophils
b. antibodies
c. b cells
d. memory cells

1. which of the following is a type of pathogen that the immune system defends against?

a. glucose
b. bacteria
c. water
d. cells

1. where do t cells mature and develop into functional immune cells?

a. bone marrow
b. lymph nodes
c. spleen
d. thymus

1. what is the primary function of macrophages?

a. to transport oxygen
b. to engulf and digest pathogens
c. to store immune cells
d. to produce antibodies

1. which type of immunity involves the creation of memory cells for future protection?

a. innate and adaptive immunity
b. adaptive immunity
c. innate immunity
d. passive immunity

1. what triggers the immune system to recognize a pathogen as a threat?

a. antibodies
b. antigens
c. white blood cells
d. plasma

Explanation:

1. Innate immunity uses fast, non-specific defenses; neutrophils are a key innate white blood cell. Antibodies, B cells, and memory cells belong to adaptive immunity.
2. Pathogens are harmful foreign agents; bacteria are a common type of pathogen. Glucose, water, and body cells are not pathogens.
3. T cells originate in bone marrow but mature into functional cells in the thymus. Bone marrow is where B cells mature, while lymph nodes and spleen are immune activation sites.
4. Macrophages are phagocytes; their core role is to engulf and break down pathogens. Oxygen transport is done by red blood cells, antibody production by B cells, and immune cell storage is not their function.
5. Adaptive immunity is characterized by creating memory cells that provide long-term, targeted protection against repeat pathogens. Innate immunity has no memory, and passive immunity uses pre-made antibodies without memory cell formation.
6. Antigens are unique molecules on pathogens that the immune system recognizes as foreign threats, triggering an immune response. Antibodies are immune responses, white blood cells are immune cells, and plasma is blood fluid.

Answer:

1. a. Neutrophils
2. b. Bacteria
3. d. Thymus
4. b. To engulf and digest pathogens
5. b. Adaptive immunity
6. b. Antigens