Question

1. the heliocentric model of the universe developed by copernicus and galileo was considered heresy by the catholic church because it a) adhered strictly to the teachings of aristotle b) supported the world - view of the ancient greeks c) challenged the churchs power of absolute interpretation d) conflicted with the official doctrine of the roman catholic church
2. in the 16th and 17th centuries, the heliocentric theory became the center of the debate between a) capitalism and communism b) science and religion c) nationalism and globalism d) isolationism and internationalism
3. which individual suggested the idea that if a government fails to protect its peoples natural right to life, liberty, and property, the people have the right to overthrow it? a) karl marx b) john locke c) thomas hobbes d) niccolò machiavelli
4. base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. - nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and is executive power. if it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. if it were joined to executive power, the judge could be the force of an oppressor. - montesquieu, the spirit of the laws

in this passage, montesquieu is making reference to a) an enlightened despotism b) a policy of mercantilism c) a separation of powers d) a social contract

1. baron de montesquieu believed that a separation of powers would a) prevent tyranny by acting as a check on power b) restore authority to the political authority of the catholic church c) increase the power of the middle class d) decrease the power of the middle class to the scientific revolution
2. which pair of ideas and economic self - sufficiency? a) social stability and experimentation b) observation and expansion c) technology and interdependence d) scarcity and interdependence
3. one way in which montesquieu, voltaire, and rousseau are similar is that they were a) philosophers during the age of enlightenment b) chief ministers during the french revolution c) leaders of the italian unification movement d) supporters of the counter - reformation
4. which idea became a central belief of the enlightenment? a) the use of reason would lead to human progress. b) mathematics could be used to solve all human problems. c) the ancient romans had the best form of government. d) people should give up their natural rights to their rulers.
5. one way in which the scientific revolution and the enlightenment were similar is that they a) encouraged the spread of new ideas b) strengthened traditional institutions c) led to the protestant reformation d) rejected renaissance individualism

Explanation:

1. Montesquieu's ideas challenged the power of absolute monarchy by advocating separation of powers. This was a check on the authority of the monarchy.
2. The heliocentric theory led to a debate between science and religion as it went against the previously - held geocentric view supported by the Church.
3. John Locke proposed the idea that if a government fails to protect people's natural rights, people have the right to overthrow it.
4. Montesquieu is making reference to the separation of powers in this passage to safeguard liberty.
5. Separation of powers was meant to prevent tyranny by acting as a check on power.
6. Social stability and economic self - sufficiency are not directly related to the Scientific Revolution. Observation and experimentation are key aspects of the Scientific Revolution.
7. Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau were philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment.
8. The use of reason leading to human progress was a central belief of the Enlightenment.
9. Both the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment encouraged the spread of new ideas.

Answer:

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. B