Question

1. arrange the events in modern afghan history in chronological order using the numbers 1-5.

the u.s.s.r. invades afghanistan and sets up a communist government.
pushlun elders declare an independent state, the kingdom of afghanistan.
after three costly wars, the british leave afghanistan.
in 2001, an international force led by the united states invades afghanistan, seeking to destroy the taliban and al - qaeda.
the taliban crushes rebellious tribes and institutes severe laws.

1. put the steps in order of the historical cycle experienced by afghanistan.

the cycle renews when a new invader arrives.
afghanistan splinters into tribes that fight against one another.
an invader conquers and unites afghanistan.
controlling afghanistans rugged terrain proves challenging.
over time, the invaders power decreases.

Explanation:

Question 13 (Chronological Order of Modern Afghan History Events)

To solve this, we analyze the historical timeline of Afghanistan:

1. After three costly wars, the British leave Afghanistan: The First Anglo - Afghan War was 1839 - 1842, the Second 1878 - 1880, and the Third 1919. After the Third, the British left. So this is the earliest among these events, let's assign it 1.
2. Pushman elders declare an independent state, the kingdom of Afghanistan: After the British left (post - 1919), Afghanistan was declared an independent kingdom. So this is 2.
3. The U.S.S.R. invades Afghanistan and sets up a communist government: The Soviet invasion was in 1979. So this is 3.
4. The Taliban crushes rebellious tribes and institutes severe laws: The Taliban rose to power in the mid - 1990s after the Soviet withdrawal and the subsequent civil war. So this is 4.
5. In 2001, an international force led by the United States invades Afghanistan, seeking to destroy the Taliban and al - Qaeda: The U.S. - led invasion was in 2001. So this is 5.

Question 14 (Historical Cycle of Afghanistan)

To solve this, we understand the historical cycle pattern:

1. An invader conquers and unites Afghanistan: The cycle starts with an invader taking over and uniting the country. So this is the first step, 1.
2. Controlling Afghanistan’s rugged terrain proves challenging: After conquest, the rugged terrain makes control difficult. So this is 2.
3. Over time, the invader’s power decreases: Due to the challenges (like the terrain, local resistance), the invader's power wanes over time. So this is 3.
4. Afghanistan splinters into tribes that fight against one another: When the invader's power decreases, the country fragments into warring tribes. So this is 4.
5. The cycle renews when a new invader arrives: After fragmentation, a new invader comes and the cycle starts again. So this is 5.

Final Answers

Question 13 (Order from top to bottom of the event list)

1. After three costly wars, the British leave Afghanistan - 1
2. Pushman elders declare an independent state, the kingdom of Afghanistan - 2
3. The U.S.S.R. invades Afghanistan and sets up a communist government - 3
4. In 2001, an international force led by the United States invades Afghanistan, seeking to destroy the Taliban and al - Qaeda - 5
5. The Taliban crushes rebellious tribes and institutes severe laws - 4

Question 14 (Order from top to bottom of the step list)

1. An invader conquers and unites Afghanistan - 1
2. Controlling Afghanistan’s rugged terrain proves challenging - 2
3. Over time, the invader’s power decreases - 3
4. Afghanistan splinters into tribes that fight against one another - 4
5. The cycle renews when a new invader arrives - 5

(Note: For the dropdowns in the original problem, you would assign the numbers 1 - 5 as per the above analysis to each respective event/step.)

Answer:

Question 13 (Chronological Order of Modern Afghan History Events)

To solve this, we analyze the historical timeline of Afghanistan:

1. After three costly wars, the British leave Afghanistan: The First Anglo - Afghan War was 1839 - 1842, the Second 1878 - 1880, and the Third 1919. After the Third, the British left. So this is the earliest among these events, let's assign it 1.
2. Pushman elders declare an independent state, the kingdom of Afghanistan: After the British left (post - 1919), Afghanistan was declared an independent kingdom. So this is 2.
3. The U.S.S.R. invades Afghanistan and sets up a communist government: The Soviet invasion was in 1979. So this is 3.
4. The Taliban crushes rebellious tribes and institutes severe laws: The Taliban rose to power in the mid - 1990s after the Soviet withdrawal and the subsequent civil war. So this is 4.
5. In 2001, an international force led by the United States invades Afghanistan, seeking to destroy the Taliban and al - Qaeda: The U.S. - led invasion was in 2001. So this is 5.

Question 14 (Historical Cycle of Afghanistan)

To solve this, we understand the historical cycle pattern:

1. An invader conquers and unites Afghanistan: The cycle starts with an invader taking over and uniting the country. So this is the first step, 1.
2. Controlling Afghanistan’s rugged terrain proves challenging: After conquest, the rugged terrain makes control difficult. So this is 2.
3. Over time, the invader’s power decreases: Due to the challenges (like the terrain, local resistance), the invader's power wanes over time. So this is 3.
4. Afghanistan splinters into tribes that fight against one another: When the invader's power decreases, the country fragments into warring tribes. So this is 4.
5. The cycle renews when a new invader arrives: After fragmentation, a new invader comes and the cycle starts again. So this is 5.

Final Answers

Question 13 (Order from top to bottom of the event list)

1. After three costly wars, the British leave Afghanistan - 1
2. Pushman elders declare an independent state, the kingdom of Afghanistan - 2
3. The U.S.S.R. invades Afghanistan and sets up a communist government - 3
4. In 2001, an international force led by the United States invades Afghanistan, seeking to destroy the Taliban and al - Qaeda - 5
5. The Taliban crushes rebellious tribes and institutes severe laws - 4

Question 14 (Order from top to bottom of the step list)

1. An invader conquers and unites Afghanistan - 1
2. Controlling Afghanistan’s rugged terrain proves challenging - 2
3. Over time, the invader’s power decreases - 3
4. Afghanistan splinters into tribes that fight against one another - 4
5. The cycle renews when a new invader arrives - 5

(Note: For the dropdowns in the original problem, you would assign the numbers 1 - 5 as per the above analysis to each respective event/step.)