Question

1. what is meant by extinction?

Explanation:

In the context of biology (a subfield of Natural Science), extinction refers to the complete disappearance of a species or a group of organisms from the Earth. This can occur due to various factors such as environmental changes, habitat loss, overexploitation, or natural disasters, where the last individual of a species dies, and the species ceases to exist. In a behavioral context (e.g., in psychology, a subfield of Social Science), extinction refers to the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned behavior when the reinforcer that maintained the behavior is removed. For example, if a rat was receiving food (reinforcer) for pressing a lever and the food is no longer provided, the lever - pressing behavior may eventually become extinct.

Answer:

In biology (Natural Science subfield): The complete disappearance of a species when the last individual of that species dies. In behavioral psychology (Social Science subfield): The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned behavior when its reinforcing stimulus is removed.