Question

1. what does this suggest about the transformation of energy when glucose is broken down into pyruvate?

the energy that is lost when breaking down glucose is used to generate the two atp molecules produced during glycolysis.

1. is the amount of energy in one glucose molecule equal to the amount of energy in both pyruvate molecules?
2. how is some of this extra energy used?

in order to make the millions of atp molecules that our bodies use each second, we need to produce more than two atp molecules during cellular respiration. glycolysis is just one step of the process, followed by the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
per each glucose molecule, our bodies make a net of 36 atp molecules per glucose molecule. of these 36 atp molecules, 32 are formed during the electron transport chain.
within the electron transport chain, adp is phosphorylated (a phosphate is added) with the aid of an enzyme known as atp synthase, creating atp.
during the electron transport chain there is a very specific process called chemiosmosis. during this process, protons move across the inner mitochondrial membrane. protons have a positive charge, therefore when protons are more concentrated on one side of the membrane than the other, there is a greater positive charge, causing a voltage differential. this essentially creates a battery and supplies biochemical energy that is used to create bonds and make atp from adp.

1. atp is phosphorylated within the ______ ____ ____ (process of cellular respiration) with the aid of ______ (enzyme).
2. what occurs during chemiosmosis and what role does chemiosmosis play in the production of atp during the electron transport chain?

Explanation:

Question 20

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, and some energy is lost (used to make ATP and as heat). So the energy in one glucose molecule is not equal to that in both pyruvate molecules (glucose has more energy initially, with some lost during breakdown).

From the text: "Within the electron transport chain, ADP is phosphorylated (a phosphate is added) with the aid of an enzyme known as ATP synthase, creating ATP." Note: The question says "ATP is phosphorylated" but it's actually ADP that's phosphorylated to make ATP, but following the text's info for the blanks: the process is electron transport chain, enzyme is ATP synthase.

From the text: During chemiosmosis, protons move across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Protons’ positive charge creates a concentration - based voltage differential (like a battery) when more concentrated on one side. This biochemical energy from the voltage differential is used to create bonds and make ATP from ADP (so chemiosmosis provides the energy for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during the electron transport chain).

Answer:

No (the amount of energy in one glucose molecule is not equal to the amount of energy in both pyruvate molecules because energy is lost during the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, such as being used to generate ATP and released as heat).

Question 22