Question

ap biology 042 - biological molecules video review sheet www.koscience.com/042 - biological - molecules 1. what are the four categories of macromolecules? 2. what is a monomer? 3. lipids are unique because they dont have a single type of monomer. name two reasons why lipids are important. 4. lipids are generally polar molecules. t/f circle one 5. nucleic acid monomers are _ and are made up of _. 6. what are the functions of nucleic acids? 7. protein monomers are. 8. what differentiates one amino acid from another? 9. carbohydrate monomers are 10. the significance of directionality of the monomers in a polymer is that when you put the monomers together in a certain sequence/order they have a. the process of putting monomers together is called b. what is lost during the process of #11? c. what kind of bond is formed generally? specifically between amino acids of a protein? d. what must be added to break the bonds? e. what is the name of that process? 11. concerning nucleic acids: a. what are the two examples of nucleic acids he gave? (btw atp is also an example) b. what is a nucleotide and what are its three parts? c. what are differences between dna and rna? d. what are the four nucleotides in dna? rna? e. when you see 3 and 5, this is referring to the nucleic acids directionality and specifically to the carbons found in the review sheet for ap biology 042 - biological molecules

Explanation:

1. The four categories of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These are essential for life - carbohydrates for energy, lipids for energy storage and cell - membrane structure, proteins for various functions like enzymes and structural support, and nucleic acids for genetic information storage and transfer.
2. A monomer is a single unit that can join with other monomers to form a polymer. For example, amino acids are monomers of proteins, and monosaccharides are monomers of carbohydrates.
3. Lipids are important because they are a major energy - storage molecule (fats), they form the structure of cell membranes (phospholipids), and they act as signaling molecules (steroids like hormones).
4. Lipids are generally non - polar molecules.
5. Nucleic acid monomers are nucleotides and are made up of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
6. The functions of nucleic acids are to store, transmit, and express genetic information. DNA stores the genetic code, and RNA is involved in protein synthesis.
7. Protein monomers are amino acids.
8. One amino acid is differentiated from another by its side chain (R - group), which can be non - polar, polar, acidic, or basic.
9. Carbohydrate monomers are monosaccharides.
10. a. The process of "putting monomers together" is called polymerization or condensation reaction.

b. Water is lost during this process.
c. Generally, a covalent bond is formed. Specifically, between amino acids of a protein, a peptide bond is formed.
d. Water must be added to break the bonds (hydrolysis reaction).
e. The process of breaking the bonds is called hydrolysis.

1. a. Two examples of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

b. A nucleotide is the monomer of a nucleic acid. It has three parts: a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine in DNA; adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine in RNA), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), and a phosphate group.
c. Differences between DNA and RNA include: DNA is double - stranded, RNA is usually single - stranded; DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar; DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil.
d. The four nucleotides in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The four nucleotides in RNA are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
e. When you see 3' and 5', this is referring to the nucleic acid's directionality and specifically to the carbons found in the pentose sugar.

Answer:

1. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
2. A single unit that can form a polymer
3. Energy - storage, cell - membrane structure, signaling
4. False
5. Nucleotides; a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
6. Store, transmit, and express genetic information
7. Amino acids
8. Its side chain (R - group)
9. Monosaccharides
10. a. Polymerization/condensation reaction

b. Water
c. Covalent bond; peptide bond
d. Water
e. Hydrolysis

1. a. DNA, RNA

b. The monomer of a nucleic acid; a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, a phosphate group
c. DNA is double - stranded, RNA is usually single - stranded; DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil
d. DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; RNA: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
e. Pentose sugar