Question

consider the following proposition and, based on the quote, answer questions a through c.

\if these particular geniuses galileo, columbus, darwin had never been born, their insights would probably have occurred to others.\ - yuval noah harari, sapiens

a. darwin’s insights would have occurred to galileo and columbus.

b. darwin’s insights would have occurred to someone else.

c. darwin’s insights would have occurred to columbus.

d. darwin’s insights would not have occurred to someone else.

b. would the theory of evolution likely have been proposed if darwin had never been born?

a. yes, it likely would have been proposed by someone else.

b. no, since the theory of evolution is also called darwinism.

c. no, darwin is the only person who could have ever proposed the theory of evolution.

d. yes, it would definitely would have been proposed by galileo

c. if the theory of evolution were still undiscovered today, would this imply that darwin was never born?

a. no, although darwin proposed the theory, had he not been born, someone would have discovered it.

b. yes, since darwin proposed the theory, had it not been discovered, darwin would have not been born

c. no, darwin could have been born and not discovered the theory of evolution.

d. no, it does not follow that if the theory had not been discovered, darwin would have not been born

Explanation:

Question a

The quote states that if these geniuses (including Darwin) had not been born, their insights would likely occur to others. So we analyze each option:

• Option A: There's no indication Darwin's insights would go to Galileo/Columbus specifically. Eliminate.
• Option B: Matches the quote's idea that insights would occur to someone else. Correct.
• Option C: No basis for Columbus getting Darwin's insights. Eliminate.
• Option D: Contradicts the quote. Eliminate.

Using the quote's logic (insights of geniuses would occur to others if they weren't born), for Darwin's theory of evolution:

• Option A: Aligns with the quote—someone else would likely propose it. Correct.
• Option B: The name "Darwinism" doesn't mean only Darwin could propose it. Eliminate.
• Option C: The quote implies others could have the insight, so this is wrong. Eliminate.
• Option D: Galileo's field (astronomy) is different; no reason he'd propose evolution. Eliminate.

We need to check the logical implication. The quote says if Darwin wasn't born, someone else would discover the theory. But the reverse (theory undiscovered implies Darwin not born) is not valid:

• Option A: Talks about someone else discovering, but the question is about implication of theory undiscovered on Darwin's birth. Not relevant. Eliminate.
• Option B: Incorrect logic—Darwin's birth and the theory's discovery are not causally linked this way. Eliminate.
• Option C: Addresses Darwin being born but not discovering, but the question is about implication of theory undiscovered on his birth. Not the right angle. Eliminate.
• Option D: Correct—just because the theory is undiscovered doesn't mean Darwin wasn't born (he could be born but not discover it, or others didn't either, etc.). The implication doesn't hold.

Answer:

B. Darwin's insights would have occurred to someone else.

Question b