data set 2: frass and predators
a further experiment was conducted to test whether predators could be attracted by the smell of frass. artificial shelters similar to those of the caterpillars were placed with either 6 frass pellets or 6 beads designed to look like frass. predator wasps were introduced to the containers. each wasp had to individually choose between a larva in a shelter with its frass and a larva in a shelter with pellets to visually imitate the frass (but not the smell). the percentage of time spent by each wasp at each container was recorded.

bar graph: x-axis (visits, time), y-axis (percentage), legend (bead shelter, frass shelter); bars: visits – bead ~30, frass ~75; time – bead ~25, frass ~90

4. what claim can be made from the collected data?

5. what is the independent variable?
what is the dependent variable?

6. summarize the evidence that supports the claim.

7. consider both data sets. answer the experimental question and use reasoning in the analysis with regard to the behavior of flinging frass.

8. extension. another hypothesis suggests that frass flinging occurs because waste reduces overall fitness and health of the larvae. describe data that would need to be collected to confirm this hypothesis.

Question

data set 2: frass and predators
a further experiment was conducted to test whether predators could be attracted by the smell of frass. artificial shelters similar to those of the caterpillars were placed with either 6 frass pellets or 6 beads designed to look like frass. predator wasps were introduced to the containers. each wasp had to individually choose between a larva in a shelter with its frass and a larva in a shelter with pellets to visually imitate the frass (but not the smell). the percentage of time spent by each wasp at each container was recorded.

bar graph: x-axis (visits, time), y-axis (percentage), legend (bead shelter, frass shelter); bars: visits – bead ~30, frass ~75; time – bead ~25, frass ~90

4. what claim can be made from the collected data?

5. what is the independent variable?
what is the dependent variable?

6. summarize the evidence that supports the claim.

7. consider both data sets. answer the experimental question and use reasoning in the analysis with regard to the behavior of flinging frass.

8. extension. another hypothesis suggests that frass flinging occurs because waste reduces overall fitness and health of the larvae. describe data that would need to be collected to confirm this hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
The bar graph shows that wasps spend more time and make more visits to the frass - shelter compared to the bead - shelter. So the claim is that predator wasps are more attracted to shelters with frass (frass - shelters) than to shelters with beads (bead - shelters).
# Answer:
Predator wasps are more attracted to frass - shelters than to bead - shelters.

### Question 5
#### Independent Variable
# Brief Explanations:
The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated in an experiment. In this experiment, the type of shelter (frass - shelter or bead - shelter) is what is being changed to see its effect on the wasps' behavior.
# Answer:
The type of shelter (frass - shelter or bead - shelter)

#### Dependent Variable
# Brief Explanations:
The dependent variable is the factor that is measured in response to the independent variable. Here, the percentage of time spent and the number of visits by the wasps are the responses to the type of shelter.
# Answer:
The percentage of time spent and the number of visits by the wasps

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
From the bar graph, for the "Visits" category, the percentage of visits to the frass - shelter is higher (around 75%) than to the bead - shelter (around 30%). For the "Time" category, the percentage of time spent at the frass - shelter is higher (around 90%) than at the bead - shelter (around 30%). This shows that wasps interact more (in terms of visits and time) with frass - shelters.
# Answer:
In the "Visits" category, the percentage of visits to frass - shelters is higher (≈75%) than to bead - shelters (≈30%). In the "Time" category, the percentage of time spent at frass - shelters is higher (≈90%) than at bead - shelters (≈30%).

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
The experimental question is likely about whether frass flinging affects predator attraction. From the data, frass - shelters attract more wasps (more visits and time). Flinging frass would remove frass from the larva's area. If frass attracts predators, then flinging frass would reduce the presence of frass, thereby reducing predator attraction and increasing the larva's fitness. So frass flinging is a behavioral adaptation to reduce predator attraction by removing the frass (which attracts predators) from the larva's vicinity.
# Answer:
The experimental question (likely about frass flinging and predator attraction) is answered as: Frass flinging is a behavioral adaptation that reduces predator attraction. Reasoning: The data shows frass attracts predator wasps (more visits and time at frass - shelters). Flinging frass removes it from the larva's area, so predators are less likely to be attracted, increasing larval fitness.

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
To confirm the hypothesis that frass flinging occurs because waste (frass) reduces larval fitness and health, we need to collect data on larval fitness and health in the presence and absence of frass. We can measure parameters like larval survival rate, growth rate (e.g., weight gain, length increase over time), and health indicators (e.g., presence of diseases, parasites) in groups of larvae with frass (not flung) and groups with frass flung away.
# Answer:
To confirm the hypothesis, we should collect data on larval fitness (survival rate, growth rate - weight/length over time) and health (disease/parasite presence) for two groups: larvae with frass (not flung) and larvae with frass flung. Compare these parameters between the two groups. If larvae with frass (not flung) have lower fitness/health, it supports the hypothesis.

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

Question 4

Answer:

Question 5

Independent Variable