Question

define the following words on paper or note cards

1. cell
2. cell theory
3. cytology
4. table 3 - 1 on page 60, draw picture, name structure, tell function
5. phospholipid bilayer (include hydrophobic and hydrophilic)
6. passive transport (include types of passive transport)
7. active transport (include types of active transport)
8. hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic
9. pinocytosis, phagocytosis
10. chromosome
11. genetic code
12. protein synthesis
13. transcription, translation
14. draw the cell cycle
15. what happens at g₁, s, g₂, m
16. stages of mitosis and what happens in each
17. benign and malignant tumors
18. metastasis
19. differentiation
20. cancer
21. aero-
22. hemo-
23. kinesis

Explanation:

1. Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. Cell theory: States that all living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells come from pre - existing cells.
3. Cytology: The study of cells, including their structure, function, and behavior.
4. Table 3 - 1 on page 60: Without access to the table, in general, for cell structures, draw the structure (e.g., mitochondria as an oval with inner folds), name it (mitochondria), and its function (produces energy in the form of ATP).
5. Phospholipid bilayer: A double - layer of phospholipids that forms the cell membrane. The hydrophilic heads face outward and the hydrophobic tails face inward.
6. Passive transport: Movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy. Types include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
7. Active transport: Movement of substances across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring energy. Types include primary active transport (using ATP directly) and secondary active transport (using an electrochemical gradient).
8. Hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic: Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than the cell, isotonic have the same solute concentration as the cell, and hypertonic have a higher solute concentration than the cell.
9. Pinocytosis, phagocytosis: Pinocytosis is the cell taking in small amounts of extracellular fluid, phagocytosis is the cell engulfing large particles or other cells.
10. Chromosome: A thread - like structure made of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information.
11. Genetic code: The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins.
12. Protein synthesis: The process by which cells build proteins, involving transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
13. Transcription, translation: Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. Translation is the conversion of the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide chain (protein).
14. Cell cycle: The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis (M).
15. G1, S, G2, M: G1 is the first gap phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication. S is the synthesis phase where DNA is replicated. G2 is the second gap phase where the cell prepares for mitosis. M is mitosis, the cell division phase.
16. Stages of mitosis: Prophase (chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down), Metaphase (chromosomes line up at the equator), Anaphase (sister chromatids separate), Telophase (nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes de - condense).
17. Benign and malignant tumors: Benign tumors are non - cancerous, grow slowly, and do not spread. Malignant tumors are cancerous, grow rapidly, and can spread to other parts of the body.
18. Metastasis: The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.
19. Differentiation: The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function.
20. Cancer: A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division.
21. Aero -: A prefix related to air or atmosphere.
22. Hemo -: A prefix related to blood.
23. Kinesis: A non - directional movement of an organism in response to a stimulus.

Answer:

1. The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. All living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, new cells come from pre - existing cells.
3. The study of cells, including their structure, function, and behavior.
4. Draw the cell structure, name it, and state its function (e.g., mitochondria: oval with inner folds, mitochondria, produces ATP).
5. A double - layer of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads outward and hydrophobic tails inward forming the cell membrane.
6. Movement of substances across the cell membrane without energy. Types: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.
7. Movement of substances across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring energy. Types: primary and secondary active transport.
8. Hypotonic: lower solute concentration than the cell; Isotonic: same solute concentration as the cell; Hypertonic: higher solute concentration than the cell.
9. Pinocytosis: cell takes in small amounts of extracellular fluid; Phagocytosis: cell engulfs large particles or other cells.
10. A thread - like structure made of DNA and proteins carrying genetic information.
11. The set of rules by which genetic information is translated into proteins.
12. The process of building proteins involving transcription and translation.
13. Transcription: synthesis of RNA from DNA; Translation: conversion of mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
14. The series of events leading to cell division and duplication including interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis (M).
15. G1: cell grows and prepares for DNA replication; S: DNA replication; G2: cell prepares for mitosis; M: cell division.
16. Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down; Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the equator; Anaphase: sister chromatids separate; Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes de - condense.
17. Benign: non - cancerous, slow - growing, non - spreading; Malignant: cancerous, fast - growing, spreading.
18. The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.
19. The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized.
20. A group of diseases with uncontrolled cell growth and division.
21. Prefix related to air or atmosphere.
22. Prefix related to blood.
23. Non - directional movement of an organism in response to a stimulus.