Question

1. define and name the steps of the central dogma of biology. 2

Explanation:

The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information in cells. It has three core steps:

1. Replication: DNA makes an identical copy of itself to pass genetic information to new cells or offspring.
2. Transcription: Genetic information in DNA is converted into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, as DNA cannot leave the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
3. Translation: The mRNA sequence is used to build a specific protein molecule at ribosomes, where transfer RNA (tRNA) matches mRNA codons to amino acids, which link to form proteins.

Some modern additions include reverse transcription (RNA to DNA, seen in retroviruses) and RNA replication (RNA to RNA, seen in some viruses), but the classic core steps are replication, transcription, and translation.

Answer:

The central dogma of biology outlines the flow of genetic information, with these core steps:

1. DNA Replication: The process where a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. Expression:

$$\text{DNA} ightarrow \text{DNA}$$

1. Transcription: The process where genetic information from a segment of DNA is copied into a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Expression:

$$\text{DNA} ightarrow \text{mRNA}$$

1. Translation: The process where the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is used to assemble a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a functional protein. Expression:

$$\text{mRNA} ightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Additional, non-classical extensions include:

• Reverse Transcription: RNA is used as a template to synthesize DNA (found in retroviruses). Expression:

$$\text{RNA} ightarrow \text{DNA}$$

• RNA Replication: RNA is copied to produce more RNA (found in some RNA viruses). Expression:

$$\text{RNA} ightarrow \text{RNA}$$