Question

during passive transport, substances move across the cell membrane because of:* 1 point
the random movement of molecules and the concentration gradient.
the expenditure of cellular energy.
the action of specific protein pumps.
changes in the electrical charge across the membrane.
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Explanation:

Passive transport relies on the random motion of molecules (diffusion) and the concentration gradient (from high - to low - concentration areas) without using cellular energy, protein pumps (which are for active transport), or changes in electrical charge for the basic mechanism of movement across the cell membrane.

Answer:

The random movement of molecules and the concentration gradient.