extension questions
14. other polar molecules include nucleic acids and some proteins.
look at the dna sketch provided and predict how the two
strands are attracted to one another.
15. some molecules that are covalently bonded do not have a difference in charge across the mol-
ecule. these molecules are referred to as nonpolar. what arrangement of electrons would result
in a nonpolar molecule?
16. some examples of nonpolar molecules include fats, oils, and waxes. how do these substances
interact with water?
17. what prediction would you make about why oil and water interact in the way described above?

Question

extension questions
14. other polar molecules include nucleic acids and some proteins.
    look at the dna sketch provided and predict how the two
    strands are attracted to one another.
15. some molecules that are covalently bonded do not have a difference in charge across the mol-
    ecule. these molecules are referred to as nonpolar. what arrangement of electrons would result
    in a nonpolar molecule?
16. some examples of nonpolar molecules include fats, oils, and waxes. how do these substances
    interact with water?
17. what prediction would you make about why oil and water interact in the way described above?

Accepted Answer

### Question 14
# Answer:
The two strands of DNA are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs (adenine - thymine and guanine - cytosine).
# Brief Explanations:
DNA has a double - helix structure. The nitrogenous bases on each strand (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine) form hydrogen bonds. Adenine (A) forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine (T), and guanine (G) forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine (C). These hydrogen bonds hold the two strands together.

### Question 15
# Answer:
In a nonpolar molecule with covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally between the atoms. This occurs when the atoms involved in the covalent bond have the same or very similar electronegativities, and the molecular geometry is symmetrical, so that the dipole moments of individual bonds cancel out.
# Brief Explanations:
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond. If atoms have equal (or nearly equal) electronegativity, electrons are shared evenly. For example, in a diatomic molecule like $O_2$ (oxygen), the two oxygen atoms have the same electronegativity, so the electrons in the covalent bond are shared equally. In a molecule like $CO_2$, the linear geometry means that the dipole moments of the two $C = O$ bonds (which are polar) cancel each other out, resulting in a nonpolar molecule overall.

### Question 16
# Answer:
Fats, oils, and waxes (nonpolar molecules) are insoluble in water (a polar molecule) and tend to cluster together or form layers separate from water.
# Brief Explanations:
Water is a polar molecule, and it forms hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules or ions. Nonpolar molecules do not have regions of positive and negative charge that can interact with the polar water molecules. The principle of "like - dissolves - like" states that polar substances dissolve in polar solvents and nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents. So nonpolar fats, oils, and waxes do not interact favorably with polar water; they are hydrophobic (water - fearing) and will either form droplets or layers when mixed with water.

### Question 17
# Answer:
Oil is nonpolar and water is polar. According to the "like - dissolves - like" principle, nonpolar substances do not dissolve in polar solvents. So oil and water do not mix because their molecular polarities are different, and the intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonding in water, weak van der Waals forces in oil) do not allow for favorable interactions between the two types of molecules.
# Brief Explanations:
Water molecules are polar, with a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom, and they form hydrogen bonds with each other. Oil molecules are nonpolar, with evenly distributed electron density and weak intermolecular forces (such as London dispersion forces). Since the intermolecular forces in water (hydrogen bonding) are much stronger and of a different nature than those in oil, and the polar nature of water does not match the nonpolar nature of oil, the two substances do not mix.

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