Question

free response: answer 3 of the questions below on the back of your zipgrade. use full sentences. 1) draw the 3 types of survivorship curves and label each with the correct type. 2) give an example of an animal that is an r strategist and explain why. 3) describe a hypothetical situation in which a species would be separated by temporal speciation. 4) what is the principle of competitive exclusion? 5) draw 3 simple graphs. one should show logistic growth, one should show exponential growth, and one should show linear growth. label them with the correct term.

Explanation:

1. Survivorship curves: Type - I is convex, showing high survival of young and middle - aged individuals with a sharp decline in old age (e.g., humans). Type - II is a straight line, indicating a constant mortality rate throughout life (e.g., some birds). Type - III is concave, with high mortality of young individuals and low mortality of those that survive to adulthood (e.g., fish).
2. R - strategist example: Insects like mosquitoes are R - strategists. They produce a large number of offspring in a short time. Their environment is often unpredictable, and high fecundity increases the chances of some offspring surviving despite high mortality rates of young.
3. Temporal speciation situation: Suppose there are two populations of a species of flower - pollinating insects. One population becomes active during the day to feed on flowers, while the other population evolves to be active at night due to predation pressure during the day. Over time, the different activity times prevent inter - breeding, leading to speciation.
4. Principle of competitive exclusion: Two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values in the same ecological niche. One species will out - compete the other, leading to the local extinction of the less competitive species or a shift in its niche.
5. Growth graphs: Logistic growth has an S - shaped curve. It starts with slow growth, then rapid growth as resources are abundant, and finally levels off as the carrying capacity is reached. Exponential growth is a J - shaped curve, where the population grows at an increasingly rapid rate over time as long as resources are unlimited. Linear growth has a straight - line graph, with a constant rate of increase over time.

Since we need to answer 3 questions:

1. Answer for question 1: Type - I: convex curve, high survival in early and middle life; Type - II: straight - line curve, constant mortality rate; Type - III: concave curve, high early mortality.
2. Answer for question 2: Mosquitoes are R - strategists. They produce a large number of eggs in a short time to increase the chances of some offspring surviving in an unpredictable environment with high predation and other mortality factors for young ones.
3. Answer for question 3: Consider two populations of a nocturnal rodent species. Due to the presence of a new diurnal predator, one population evolves to be active only in the early morning (crepuscular), while the other remains nocturnal. As their activity times no longer overlap, they stop inter - breeding, and over time, this can lead to temporal speciation.

Answer:

1. Survivorship curves: Type - I is convex, showing high survival of young and middle - aged individuals with a sharp decline in old age (e.g., humans). Type - II is a straight line, indicating a constant mortality rate throughout life (e.g., some birds). Type - III is concave, with high mortality of young individuals and low mortality of those that survive to adulthood (e.g., fish).
2. R - strategist example: Insects like mosquitoes are R - strategists. They produce a large number of offspring in a short time. Their environment is often unpredictable, and high fecundity increases the chances of some offspring surviving despite high mortality rates of young.
3. Temporal speciation situation: Suppose there are two populations of a species of flower - pollinating insects. One population becomes active during the day to feed on flowers, while the other population evolves to be active at night due to predation pressure during the day. Over time, the different activity times prevent inter - breeding, leading to speciation.
4. Principle of competitive exclusion: Two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values in the same ecological niche. One species will out - compete the other, leading to the local extinction of the less competitive species or a shift in its niche.
5. Growth graphs: Logistic growth has an S - shaped curve. It starts with slow growth, then rapid growth as resources are abundant, and finally levels off as the carrying capacity is reached. Exponential growth is a J - shaped curve, where the population grows at an increasingly rapid rate over time as long as resources are unlimited. Linear growth has a straight - line graph, with a constant rate of increase over time.

Since we need to answer 3 questions:

1. Answer for question 1: Type - I: convex curve, high survival in early and middle life; Type - II: straight - line curve, constant mortality rate; Type - III: concave curve, high early mortality.
2. Answer for question 2: Mosquitoes are R - strategists. They produce a large number of eggs in a short time to increase the chances of some offspring surviving in an unpredictable environment with high predation and other mortality factors for young ones.
3. Answer for question 3: Consider two populations of a nocturnal rodent species. Due to the presence of a new diurnal predator, one population evolves to be active only in the early morning (crepuscular), while the other remains nocturnal. As their activity times no longer overlap, they stop inter - breeding, and over time, this can lead to temporal speciation.