2. how do carbohydrates help living organisms?
3. what is one function of lipids in the cell membrane?
4. what are proteins made of?
5. why are enzymes necessary for survival?
6. how do dna and rna work together?
7. give an example of how macromolecules depend on each other
8. what can happen if a protein does not function correctly?
9. which macromolecule stores genetic information?
directions: read the passage carefully, then answer the questions that follow
cells working together in unicellular and multicellular organisms
bio.3b - structures in unicellular and multicellular organisms work interdependently

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 2: How do carbohydrates help living organisms?
# Brief Explanations:
Carbohydrates are a primary energy source. Simple carbs (e.g., glucose) are quickly broken down for immediate energy. Complex carbs (e.g., starch in plants, glycogen in animals) store energy for later use. They also form structural components like cellulose in plant cell walls and chitin in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.
# Answer:
Carbohydrates provide energy (e.g., glucose for immediate use, glycogen/starch for storage) and form structures (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls, chitin in exoskeletons).

### Question 3: What is one function of lipids in the cell membrane?
# Brief Explanations:
Cell membranes are mainly composed of phospholipids, which form a bilayer. This bilayer acts as a barrier, controlling the entry and exit of substances (selective permeability). Lipids (like cholesterol) also help maintain membrane fluidity and stability.
# Answer:
Lipids (phospholipids) form the cell membrane’s bilayer, acting as a selective barrier to regulate substance movement.

### Question 4: What are proteins made of?
# Brief Explanations:
Proteins are polymers made of amino acid monomers. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, which fold into specific 3D structures (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) determining protein function.
# Answer:
Proteins are made of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds into polypeptide chains.

### Question 5: Why are enzymes necessary for survival?
# Brief Explanations:
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions (metabolic processes) by lowering activation energy. Without enzymes, reactions would be too slow to sustain life (e.g., digestion, cellular respiration, DNA replication).
# Answer:
Enzymes speed up essential metabolic reactions (by lowering activation energy) that would otherwise be too slow to sustain life.

### Question 6: How do DNA and RNA work together?
# Brief Explanations:
DNA stores genetic information. During transcription, DNA’s code is copied into mRNA. mRNA then carries this code to ribosomes (translation), where tRNA brings amino acids to build proteins, using rRNA (part of ribosomes) for structure/function.
# Answer:
DNA stores genetic info; RNA (mRNA) transcribes DNA’s code, tRNA delivers amino acids, and rRNA helps translate mRNA into proteins (central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein).

### Question 7: Give an example of how macromolecules depend on each other
# Brief Explanations:
Example: DNA (nucleic acid) contains genes for proteins. To make a protein, DNA is transcribed into mRNA (RNA, nucleic acid), which is translated into a protein (using tRNA, also nucleic acid, and rRNA in ribosomes). Proteins (enzymes) then help replicate/transcribe DNA and synthesize other macromolecules (e.g., lipids, carbs).
# Answer:
DNA (nucleic acid) codes for proteins. mRNA (RNA) transcribes DNA, tRNA delivers amino acids, and rRNA forms ribosomes to make proteins. Proteins (enzymes) then help synthesize DNA, RNA, and other macromolecules.

### Question 8: What can happen if a protein does not function correctly?
# Brief Explanations:
Proteins have specific functions (e.g., enzymes, structural, transport, signaling). Misfunction (due to mutation, misfolding) can disrupt processes: enzyme failure slows reactions, structural protein issues weaken cells/tissues, transport proteins can’t move substances, leading to diseases (e.g., sickle cell anemia from abnormal hemoglobin).
# Answer:
Protein misfunction can disrupt processes (e.g., enzyme failure, structural weakness, transport issues), causing diseases (e.g., sickle cell anemia) or cellular/tissue dysfunction.

### Question 9: Which macromolecule stores genetic information?
# Brief Explanations:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the primary macromolecule storing genetic information in cells (prokaryotes, eukaryotes). Some viruses use RNA, but cells rely on DNA for long - term, stable genetic storage.
# Answer:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the macromolecule that stores genetic information.

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Question

Explanation:

Question 2: How do carbohydrates help living organisms?

Answer:

Question 3: What is one function of lipids in the cell membrane?