Question

1. how can a female reproduce at a time when there are no males available for fertilization?

fragmentation
parthenogenesis
budding
binary fission

Explanation:

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into an embryo without fertilization by a sperm. Fragmentation involves an organism breaking into pieces that grow into new individuals. Budding is when a new individual grows as an outgrowth on the parent. Binary fission is the splitting of a single - celled organism into two. In the case of a female needing to reproduce without male - fertilization, parthenogenesis is the relevant process.

Answer:

parthenogenesis