practice: dna structure and replication
1. label each part of the model to the right. include specific nitrogen base pairs in your labeling
2. what molecule is it?
3. what is its purpose?
4 where can it be found in a prokaryotic cell?
5. where can it be found in a eukaryotic cell?
6. it gets copied during a process called replication. when does this happen?
7. what is the result of dna replication?
why is dna replication necessary?
9. why is dna replication said to be semi - conservative? draw a picture to support your answer.
10. what would the chromosome to the right look like after dna replication?
11. what would the chromosome to the right be called after dna replication?

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
The model shows a double - helix structure with nucleotide components (sugar - phosphate backbone and nitrogenous base pairs like A - T, G - C). This is characteristic of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).
# Answer:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
DNA's main purpose is to store genetic information. This genetic information is used to direct the development, function, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It contains the instructions for making proteins and for the cell's metabolic processes.
# Answer:
To store genetic information that is used to direct the development, function, growth, and reproduction of organisms (and to provide instructions for protein synthesis and cellular processes).

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. The DNA in a prokaryotic cell is found in the nucleoid region, which is a non - membrane - bound area in the cytoplasm. Some prokaryotes also have plasmids (small, circular DNA molecules) in the cytoplasm.
# Answer:
In the nucleoid region (and sometimes as plasmids in the cytoplasm) of a prokaryotic cell.

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is found in the nucleus, packaged into chromosomes. Additionally, there is DNA in the mitochondria (and in chloroplasts of plant cells), which is called mitochondrial (or chloroplast) DNA.
# Answer:
Mostly in the nucleus (packaged as chromosomes), and also in mitochondria (and chloroplasts in plant cells).

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
DNA replication is the process of copying DNA. This process occurs during the S - phase (Synthesis phase) of the cell cycle, specifically in interphase. Before a cell divides (either mitosis or meiosis), the DNA must be replicated so that each daughter cell gets a complete set of genetic information.
# Answer:
During the S - phase (Synthesis phase) of interphase, before cell division (mitosis or meiosis).

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
The result of DNA replication is the production of two identical DNA molecules. Each new DNA molecule consists of one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand. This is because of the semi - conservative nature of DNA replication.
# Answer:
Two identical DNA molecules are formed, each with one original strand and one new strand.

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
DNA replication is necessary because when a cell divides, each new daughter cell needs to have the same genetic information as the parent cell. This ensures that the genetic traits are passed on accurately, and that the cell can perform its proper functions. For example, in growth and repair of tissues, or in the production of gametes (in meiosis), the correct genetic information must be passed on.
# Answer:
To ensure that each daughter cell (during cell division) receives an identical copy of the genetic information, which is essential for proper cell function, growth, repair, and inheritance of traits.

### Question 9
# Brief Explanations:
DNA replication is semi - conservative because during replication, the double helix unwinds and each of the original (parental) strands serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. So, after replication, each new DNA molecule is made up of one old (conserved) strand and one new strand. For the drawing: Draw the original double - helix (two parental strands). Then show the two new DNA molecules, each with one parental strand and one new strand.
# Answer:
DNA replication is semi - conservative because each new DNA molecule consists of one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand. (For the drawing: Original DNA - two complementary strands. After replication, two DNA molecules, each with one old and one new strand.)

### Question 10
# Brief Explanations:
Before DNA replication, a chromosome (in the non - replicated state) is a single chromatid. After DNA replication, each chromosome will consist of two identical sister chromatids that are joined together at the centromere. The overall structure will still be a chromosome, but with two chromatids.
# Answer:
After DNA replication, the chromosome will consist of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere. The chromosome will appear as an "X" - shaped structure (if visualized) with two chromatids.

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
After DNA replication, a chromosome that has two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere is still called a chromosome. However, the two chromatids are called sister chromatids, and the entire structure (with two chromatids) is a replicated chromosome.
# Answer:
A replicated chromosome (consisting of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere).

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