Question

question 8
according to vygotsky, a childs cultural development is
internalized by self-thinking.
intrapsychologically determined.
co-constructed learning and shared experiences.
created by emphasis on private speech.

question 9
according to vygotsky, scaffolding represents
external support for helping children solve problems on their own.
a barrier or a block to solving a problem.
a plateau that children reach before progressing to a new stage.
artificial support, such as notes, on which children can rely while learning.

question 10

Explanation:

For Question 8: Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes that a child's cultural development comes from social interactions, shared experiences, and collaborative learning (co-construction) rather than internal, individual processes alone. Private speech is a tool in development, not the source of cultural development, and he rejected purely intrapsychological or self-thinking driven development.
For Question 9: Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding refers to temporary, external support (from more skilled others like adults or peers) that helps a child complete a task or solve a problem they couldn't do independently, with the support gradually removed as the child gains competence.

Answer:

Question 8: co-constructed learning and shared experiences.
Question 9: external support for helping children solve problems on their own.