Question

question 2 flag question not yet answered points out of 1.00 which one of the following is an example of primary succession? select one. a. after a forest fire, pine trees grow from seeds that were protected beneath pine needles b. grasses emerge from the soil after saltwater from a tsunami kills all above - ground vegetation in a meadow c. trees reappear on the slopes of mount st. helens after the fallout of volcanic ash kills all the above - ground vegetation d. lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the big island of hawaii clear my choice

Explanation:

Primary succession occurs in areas where there was no previous community, starting from bare rock or ground. Lichens are pioneer species that can grow on bare basalt rock after a volcanic eruption, initiating primary succession. In option a, the pine - tree seeds were protected, so it's not primary succession. Option b involves secondary succession after a disturbance (tsunami). Option c is secondary succession after the volcanic ash fall - out as there was pre - existing soil and vegetation.

Answer:

d. Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii