Question

questions 1 through 3 refer to the following. the adoption of the mamluk institutions by the abbasids was followed almost immediately by the... disintegration of the state... the disintegration of the abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of islam was coming to an end, like that of alexander the great before it... indeed, that islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the shiite revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less... could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the islamic state owed its existence. an arabic term designating an enslaved person, in this case, a slave - soldier of turkic origin patricia crone, danish - american historian of islamic history, slaves on horses: the evolution of the islamic polity, 1980 the combination between religious and political aspects in the abbasid states concept of governance is best reflected in which of the following? a. the abbasid state had an influential sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state. b. the abbasid state often allowed local rulers considerable autonomy. c. the abbasid state patronized the construction of religious buildings such as mosques. d. the abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was both the states supreme religious and political leader.

Explanation:

The passage discusses the Abbasid state and its combination of religious and political aspects. In the Abbasid state, the caliph was both a religious and political leader, which reflects the integration of these two elements. Option A only mentions the Sunni religious - class conflict, option B focuses on local rulers' autonomy, and option C is about state - patronized religious buildings. Option D best reflects the combination of religious and political aspects as the caliph was the supreme religious and political leader.

Answer:

D. The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was both the state's supreme religious and political leader.