Question

read the following extract about resource partitioning amongst predators. a study from the late 1990s in the serengeti showed that both lions and hyenas out - compete cheetahs. both lions and hyenas catch more thomsons gazelles which is the common prey of all three species. the same study showed that cheetahs survive best in areas with a low concentration of predators. these areas attract other predators and the gazelles in these areas are less likely to be alerted by the hunting cheetahs. adapted from study s muturi 2.1 define the term resource partitioning. 2.2 name the type of competition between lions, cheetahs and hyenas. 3 according to the information in the extract, what was the original aim of the investigation? explain how plants with different types of roots are also an example of resource partitioning. differentiate between the following terms: immigration and emigration natality and mortality below shows rate and depth of breathing in a healthy individual during minute strenuous exercise. exercise (minutes) rate of breathing (number of breaths per minute) depth of breathing per minute 15 25 25 35 33 45 45 65 state the relationship that exists between the time and the rate of breathing? calculate the percentage increase in the depth of breathing between 1 and 4 minutes? show all your work. describe the homeostatic mechanism that causes the rate of breathing to increase during strenuous exercise.

Explanation:

Step1: Recall resource - partitioning definition

Resource partitioning is the division of limited resources by species to help avoid competition in an ecological niche.

Step2: Identify competition type

The type of competition between lions, cheetahs and hyenas is inter - specific competition as they are different species competing for the same prey (Thomson's gazelles).

Step3: Determine investigation aim

The original aim of the investigation seems to be to study how different predators (lions, cheetahs, hyenas) interact and partition resources (prey) in their habitat.

Step4: Explain plant resource - partitioning

Plants with different types of roots are an example of resource partitioning because plants with taproots can access water and nutrients from deeper soil layers, while those with fibrous roots access resources from the upper soil layers. This way, they reduce competition for soil resources.

Step5: Differentiate migration and emigration

Migration is the movement of a group of organisms from one place to another, usually seasonally. Emigration is the movement of individuals out of a population.

Step6: Differentiate natality and mortality

Natality is the birth rate of a population, while mortality is the death rate of a population.

Step7: Analyze breathing relationship

As the time of exercise increases, the rate of breathing increases. There is a positive correlation.

Step8: Calculate depth percentage increase

The depth of breathing at 1 minute is 25 and at 4 minutes is 60.
The increase in depth = 60 - 25=35.
The percentage increase formula is $\frac{\text{increase}}{\text{original value}}\times100\%$.
So, $\frac{35}{25}\times100\% = 140\%$.

Step9: Identify homeostatic mechanism

The homeostatic mechanism that causes the rate of breathing to increase during strenuous exercise is the body's need to take in more oxygen and expel more carbon - dioxide. As muscles work harder, they consume more oxygen and produce more carbon - dioxide. Chemoreceptors in the body detect the changes in oxygen, carbon - dioxide and pH levels in the blood and send signals to the respiratory center in the brain, which then increases the rate and depth of breathing.

Answer:

2.1: Resource partitioning is the division of limited resources by species to help avoid competition in an ecological niche.
2.2: Inter - specific competition.
2.3: To study how different predators interact and partition resources (prey) in their habitat.
2.4: Plants with taproots can access water and nutrients from deeper soil layers, while those with fibrous roots access resources from the upper soil layers, reducing competition for soil resources.
2.5: Migration is the movement of a group of organisms from one place to another, usually seasonally. Emigration is the movement of individuals out of a population.
2.6: Natality is the birth rate of a population, while mortality is the death rate of a population.
2.7: As the time of exercise increases, the rate of breathing increases (positive correlation).
2.8: 140%
2.9: The body's need to take in more oxygen and expel more carbon - dioxide. Chemoreceptors in the body detect the changes in oxygen, carbon - dioxide and pH levels in the blood and send signals to the respiratory center in the brain, which then increases the rate and depth of breathing.