Question

summary table
macromolecules/polymers monomers/components examples functions
carbohydrates monosaccharides sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose energy, energy storage
lipids fatty acids and glycerol fats, oils
proteins amino acids hemoglobin, lipase important energy source, phospholipids of plasma membranes, enzymes, movement, membrane receptors
nucleic acids nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base) dna, rna genetic information, code for amino acid sequences
level 1: knowledge/comprehension questions
the level 1, knowledge/comprehension, questions review essential content knowledge but dont represent the type of question you will see on the ap exam. the level 2, application/synthesis, questions are similar to those you will see on the exam.

1. which list of components characterizes rna? (a) a phosphate group, deoxyribose, and uracil (b) a phosphate group, ribose, and uracil (c) a phosphate group, ribose, and thymine (d) a phosphate group, deoxyribose, and uracil
2. which of the following molecules would contain a polar covalent bond? (a) cl₂ (b) nacl (c) h₂o (d) ch₄
3. which of the following statements regarding carbon is false? (a) carbon has the capacity to form polar covalent bonds with hydrogen. (b) carbon has the ability to form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms. (c) carbon has the capacity to form single and double bonds. (d) carbon has the ability to bond together to form extensive branched or unbranched “carbon skeletons.”
4. because of the unique properties of water associated with hydrogen bonding, water evaporates from pores on the leaves of plants. which of these groups of terms describes the process and properties of water that explain this? (a) adhesion, cohesion, and translocation (b) adhesion, cohesion, and transcription (c) cohesion, hybridization, and translation (d) cohesion, adhesion, and transpiration

directions: questions 5 - 8 consist of four choices followed by a list of numbered phrases. for each numbered phrase or sentence, select the one choice that is most closely related to it. each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
questions 5 - 8 (a) lipids (b) peptide bonds (c) alpha helix (d) cellulose

Explanation:

1. RNA is composed of a phosphate group, ribose sugar, and uracil. Deoxyribose is in DNA, not RNA, so A and D are incorrect, and thymine is in DNA, not RNA, so C is incorrect.
2. In water ($H_2O$), oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, creating a polar covalent bond. $Cl_2$ has a non - polar covalent bond, $NaCl$ has an ionic bond, and $CH_4$ has non - polar covalent bonds.
3. Carbon - hydrogen bonds are non - polar covalent bonds, so statement A is false. Carbon can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, single and double bonds, and can form carbon skeletons.
4. Cohesion (attraction between water molecules), adhesion (attraction between water and other substances), and transpiration (water loss from plant leaves) explain the upward movement of water in plants.

Answer:

1. B. a phosphate group, ribose, and uracil
2. C. $H_2O$
3. A. Carbon has the capacity to form polar covalent bonds with hydrogen.
4. D. cohesion, adhesion, and transpiration