Question

terms, people, and places
complete each sentence by choosing the correct answer from the list of terms below. you will not use all of the terms.
smelt
urbanization
thomas malthus
proletariat
enterprise
james watt
manchester
tenement
socialism
utilitarianism

1. ____ predicted that population would outpace the food supply.
2. a member of the __ most likely lived in a small, crowded building called a __.
3. investors in britain were ready to risk their capital to invest in ____.
4. those who advocated ____ believed that the goal of society was to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
5. to ____ involves separating iron from its ore.
6. ____ improved the efficiency and design of newcomen’s steam engine.

main ideas
section 1 (pp. 244–247)

1. how did the enclosure movement affect farmers?
2. identify three causes of the population explosion that occurred in the 1700s.

section 2 (pp. 248–251)

1. describe four factors that helped bring about the industrial revolution in england.

section 3 (pp. 252–257)

1. how did the industrial revolution transform the textile industry?
2. (a) what were the main characteristics of factory work? (b) what challenges did factory work create for women?

section 4 (pp. 258–263)

1. list the government reforms sought by john stuart mill.
2. (a) describe karl marx’s view of history. (b) how have events challenged that view?

chapter focus question

1. what technological, social, economic, and cultural changes occurred as the industrial revolution took hold?

critical thinking

1. synthesize information what were the impacts of each of the following technologies: (a) steam power, (b) improved methods for smelting iron, (c) railroad?
2. geography and history explain the link between britain’s natural resources and its rise as an industrial nation.
3. analyze information describe how the industrial revolution affected each of the following: (a) size of population, (b) cities, (c) working and living conditions, (d) women and children.
4. predict consequences if more people had supported utilitarianism, how do you think it would have influenced society?
5. recognize ideologies explain the major differences between adam smith’s free market ideas and karl marx’s socialist ideas.

Explanation:

1. Thomas Malthus predicted population - food supply imbalance.
2. Proletariat lived in tenements.
3. Investors risked capital in enterprise.
4. Utilitarianism aimed for greatest happiness.
5. Smelting separates iron from ore.
6. James Watt improved steam - engine.
7. Enclosure movement displaced farmers.
8. Population explosion causes: better food, medicine, living conditions.
9. Industrial Revolution factors: capital, raw materials, labor, markets.
10. Industrial Revolution mechanized textile production.
11. (a) Factory work: long hours, repetitive tasks. (b) Challenges for women: low pay, harsh conditions.
12. John Stuart Mill sought political, social, economic reforms.
13. (a) Marx saw history as class struggle. (b) Events like welfare - states challenged view.
14. Technological: new machinery. Social: urbanization. Economic: growth, new classes. Cultural: new values.
15. (a) Steam power: enabled factories, transportation. (b) Smelting iron: cheaper, stronger metal. (c) Railroads: expanded markets.
16. Britain's coal, iron ore enabled industrial growth.
17. (a) Population grew. (b) Cities expanded. (c) Working and living conditions were poor. (d) Women and children entered workforce.
18. More utilitarianism could lead to more social reforms.
19. Adam Smith: free - market, self - interest. Karl Marx: socialism, class - less society.

Answer:

1. Thomas Malthus
2. proletariat; tenement
3. enterprise
4. utilitarianism
5. smelt
6. James Watt
7. The enclosure movement forced farmers off their land.
8. Better food supply, improved medicine, better living conditions.
9. Abundant capital, availability of raw materials, large labor force, large markets.
10. It mechanized production, increased output, and changed the organization of labor.
11. (a) Long hours, repetitive tasks, strict discipline. (b) Low pay, poor working conditions, long hours, limited opportunities for advancement.
12. Political reforms (such as extending the franchise), social reforms (like improving working conditions), and economic reforms (such as free - trade policies).
13. (a) He saw history as a series of class struggles between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, leading to the eventual victory of the proletariat and the establishment of a class - less society. (b) The development of welfare - states and the growth of the middle - class have challenged the idea of an inevitable class struggle.
14. Technological: Invention of new machinery and power sources. Social: Urbanization and the growth of a new working class. Economic: Growth of capitalism and the emergence of new economic classes. Cultural: Changes in values, such as a greater emphasis on work and productivity.
15. (a) Steam power enabled factories to be located away from water sources and also revolutionized transportation. (b) Improved smelting methods made iron production cheaper and of higher quality, leading to more widespread use of iron in construction and machinery. (c) Railroads expanded markets, allowed for faster transportation of goods and people, and spurred economic growth.
16. Britain had abundant coal and iron ore deposits. Coal provided the energy for steam engines, and iron was used in the construction of machinery, buildings, and railroads, which were crucial for its industrial development.
17. (a) The population size increased due to better living conditions and medical advancements. (b) Cities grew rapidly as people moved from rural areas to urban areas for factory jobs. (c) Working conditions were often harsh with long hours and low pay, and living conditions in urban slums were crowded and unsanitary. (d) Women and children entered the workforce in large numbers, often facing exploitation.
18. There could have been more social reforms aimed at improving the lives of the majority, as utilitarianism emphasizes the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
19. Adam Smith believed in the free - market system, where self - interest and competition drive economic growth. Karl Marx believed in socialism, where the means of production are owned by the community to eliminate class differences and exploitation.