Question

unit 3 practice mcqs: mark your answer and explain why it is correct and why the others are incorrect.

1. oksana experiences pleasurable feelings when she hugs her mother. recently, her mother started wearing a new per oksana can smell when she hugs her mother. when oksana is shopping, she smells that new perfume near the countes sold. she immediately feels the same pleasurable feelings as she does when she hugs her mother. in terms of classical conditioning, which of the following is the smell of the new perfume?

(a) ucs (b) cs (c) cr (d) ucr

1. ten primary caregivers of children completed an assessment to determine the degree to which they practice authoritative parenting. the table shows the participants’ scores on this assessment. the lowest possible score is 1, meaning the degree of authoritative parenting is low. the highest possible score is 15, meaning the degree of authoritative parenting is high. based on the table, what is the range of the caregivers’ scores?

(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 12

1. in the 1960s, a psychologist placed dogs in a box and then exposed them to five trials in which they received an electric shock that they could not avoid. in the sixth trial, the psychologist placed the dogs in a different box. in this trial, the dogs could avoid the shocks by jumping over a small obstacle. none of the dogs jumped over the obstacle. which of the following concepts explains why the dogs did not jump over the obstacle to escape the shocks in the sixth trial?

(a) retroactive interference (c) superordinate goals
(b) learned helplessness (d) diathesis - stress

1. which of the following statements best explains why using an experimental research design is inappropriate in studying development?

(a) experiments cannot establish cause - and - effect relationships over time.
(b) direct, long - term manipulation of a child’s environment during an experiment is unethical.
(c) experiments with young children are always unethical.
(d) identifying which genetic traits are interacting with the environment is impossible using an experiment.

1. when 90 - year - old mrs. glass socializes at her senior activity center, she gravitates toward activities that she can still pe which also demonstrates that her crystallized intelligence is functioning. which of the following activities will most likely a mrs. glass?

(a) a “name that song” game featuring songs from her childhood
(b) a trivia game featuring current movies
(c) a new video game in which aliens fly a spaceship
(d) a class teaching her how to use the latest computer technology

1. a researcher noticed that ryan, a young child, learned to write his name better when he was given the opportunity to re people around him. ryan appeared to learn the most when more experienced people assisted him. which of the followin best describes this pattern of development?

(a) zone of proximal development
(b) egocentrism
(c) autonomy
(d) object permanence

Explanation:

1. Question 1: In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally triggers a response, the unconditioned response (UCR) is the natural reaction to the UCS, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS, and the conditioned response (CR) is the learned reaction to the CS. Here, hugging the mother (UCS) naturally causes pleasurable feelings (UCR); the new perfume is a neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS, so it is the CS. UCS is the hug/mother, CR is the learned pleasure to perfume, UCR is the natural pleasure from hugging.
2. Question 2: Range is calculated as highest score minus lowest score. From the visible table, the highest score is 13 and the lowest is 4. $13 - 4 = 9$.
3. Question 3: Learned helplessness is when an organism stops trying to avoid negative stimuli after repeated unavoidable exposure, which matches the dogs' behavior. Retroactive interference is memory disruption, superordinate goals are for group conflict, diathesis-stress is a mental health model, none fit the scenario.
4. Question 4: Experimental designs require manipulating variables, but long-term manipulation of a child's environment for development studies violates ethical guidelines. Experiments can establish cause-effect over time, not all child experiments are unethical, and experiments can study gene-environment interactions.
5. Question 5: Crystallized intelligence is accumulated knowledge and skills from experience. Childhood song trivia relies on stored long-term memories, while current movie trivia, new video games, and new computer skills rely on fluid intelligence (new learning/processing).
6. Question 6: Zone of proximal development is the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance, which matches Ryan's improved performance with assistance. Egocentrism is self-focused thinking, autonomy is self-direction, object permanence is understanding objects exist when unseen, none fit.

Answer:

1. (B) CS
2. (C) 9
3. (B) Learned helplessness
4. (B) Direct, long-term manipulation of a child's environment during an experiment is unethical.
5. (A) A "name that song" game featuring songs from her childhood
6. (A) Zone of proximal development