Question

1. what were the results of the catholic reformation? (response to protestant reformation)
2. what was the contribution of copernicus to science and how did it reflect the new thought from the renaissance?
3. explain why the renaissance began in italy.
4. how were martin luther and john calvin similar? how were they different?
5. why did henry viii want to annul his marriage? what was the response of the pope? what was king henry viiis reaction?
6. what is the difference in beliefs between bacon and descartes?
7. how did using the vernacular connect to humanist ideals?
8. who were the jesuits and what did they do?
9. what forms of religious persecution existed after the reformation?
10. what happened as a result of the peace of augsburg?

Explanation:

1. The Catholic Reformation strengthened the Catholic Church, combated Protestantism, and led to reforms like the Council of Trent defining Catholic doctrine.
2. Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, challenging the geocentric view, reflecting the Renaissance's emphasis on human - centered inquiry and scientific exploration.
3. The Renaissance began in Italy due to its rich Roman heritage, city - state wealth, patronage of the arts and learning, and its central geographical location.
4. Similarities: Both were Protestant reformers, challenged Catholic practices. Differences: Luther emphasized faith alone, Calvin had the concept of predestination.
5. Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to remarry and have a male heir. The Pope refused, leading Henry to break with the Catholic Church and establish the Church of England.
6. Bacon emphasized empirical observation and the scientific method, while Descartes focused on rationalism and the idea of "I think, therefore I am."
7. Using the vernacular connected to humanist ideals as it made literature and knowledge more accessible to the common people, promoting individualism and the study of human experience.
8. The Jesuits were a Catholic religious order. They engaged in education, missionary work, and combating Protestantism.
9. After the Reformation, forms of religious persecution included the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, and forced conversions or expulsions in various regions.
10. The Peace of Augsburg allowed German princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism, bringing a degree of religious peace to the Holy Roman Empire.

Answer:

1. Strengthened Catholic Church, defined doctrine, combated Protestantism.
2. Proposed heliocentric model, reflected Renaissance scientific and human - centered inquiry.
3. Rich Roman heritage, city - state wealth, patronage, central location.
4. Similar: Protestant reformers, challenged Catholic practices. Different: Luther - faith alone, Calvin - predestination.
5. Wanted male heir, Pope refused, Henry broke with Catholic Church.
6. Bacon - empirical observation, Descartes - rationalism.
7. Made knowledge accessible, promoted individualism and study of human experience.
8. Catholic religious order, engaged in education, missionary work, combated Protestantism.
9. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, forced conversions/expulsions.
10. Princes could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism, brought religious peace.