Question

1. in which structure of the chloroplast do the light - independent reactions take place? a. mitochondrial matrix b. thylakoid membrane c. stroma d. cytoplasm

Explanation:

Light - independent reactions of photosynthesis (Calvin cycle) take place in the stroma of the chloroplast. The thylakoid membrane is where light - dependent reactions occur. Mitochondrial matrix is related to cellular respiration in mitochondria, not chloroplast reactions. Cytoplasm is the general cell fluid outside organelles and not the site of chloroplast light - independent reactions.

Answer:

c. Stroma