14. list the name and number of each molecule forming atp:
in order for the outer phosphate bond to break, an enzyme called atpase helps speed things up via hydrolysis. hydrolysis is a mechanism in which a bond is broken by adding water (hydro= water; lysis= to break). just as water was removed to create the bonds, it is added to break the bond.
15. once the bond is broken, how many phosphate groups are left?
what is the name of this molecule?
this transformation is not permanent. there is a cycle between atp and adp. the energy required to do this is supplied by cellular respiration, specifically energy from glucose molecules that you obtain from food.
simply put: adp + phosphate + energy → atp
16. in order to break the outer phosphate bond, an enzyme known as ______ aids in a mechanism known as ______ in which water is added | removed (circle one) to break the bond.
recall that during glycolysis (the first step of cellular respiration) glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules and a net of 2 atp molecules are produced.
17. how many bonds are in the glucose molecule?
18. how many bonds are in the two pyruvate molecules? (be sure to count double bonds appropriately).

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 14
# Brief Explanations:
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is formed from adenosine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. So the molecules forming ATP are 1 adenosine (or adenine + ribose), 3 phosphate groups.
# Answer:
- Adenosine (or Adenine + Ribose): 1
- Phosphate groups: 3

### Question 15
# Brief Explanations:
ATP has three phosphate groups. When the outer phosphate bond breaks (hydrolysis of ATP), one phosphate group is removed, leaving two phosphate groups. The molecule with two phosphate groups is ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
# Answer:
- Number of phosphate groups left: 2
- Name of the molecule: ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

### Question 16
# Brief Explanations:
From the text, it says "an enzyme called ATPase helps speed things up via hydrolysis". Hydrolysis is the mechanism where water is added to break a bond (hydro = water, lysis = break).
# Answer:
- Enzyme: ATPase
- Mechanism: Hydrolysis
- Water action: added (circle "added")

### Question 17
# Explanation:
## Step 1: Analyze glucose structure
Glucose has a hexagonal ring (6 carbon atoms) with various bonds. Let's count single and any double bonds (but glucose is a hexose with single bonds in the ring and around).
- Carbon - Carbon bonds in ring: 6 (but it's a hexagon, so 5? Wait, no, glucose is a six - membered ring (5 carbons and 1 oxygen? Wait, no, glucose is $C_6H_{12}O_6$, the ring structure (pyranose) has 6 members (5 C and 1 O). Wait, better to count all bonds:
- C - C bonds: In the ring, there are 5 C - C bonds (since 6 atoms in ring: 5 C - C and 1 C - O). Then, the side groups: each carbon has other bonds. Let's do a detailed count:
  - The ring: 5 C - C, 1 C - O, and then the OH and H bonds. But maybe a simpler way: Glucose formula $C_6H_{12}O_6$. The number of bonds can be calculated by the formula for covalent bonds in a molecule. For a molecule, the number of bonds $=\frac{2\times number\ of\ H + number\ of\ O\times2 + 2 - number\ of\ C\times2}{2}$ (using the formula for degree of unsaturation, but for glucose, which is saturated in terms of C - C (no double bonds in the ring for glucose in this context? Wait, no, glucose has a six - membered ring with single bonds. Wait, actually, glucose (aldohexose) has the following bonds:
    - 6 C atoms. Each C is bonded as follows:
      - The ring C atoms: 5 C - C bonds, 1 C - O bond (in the ring).
      - Each C has bonds to H and OH. Let's count all bonds:
        - C - C: 5 (ring)
        - C - O: 5 (1 in ring, 4 from OH groups? Wait, no, glucose has 6 O atoms: 1 in the ring, 5 in OH? No, glucose is $C_6H_{12}O_6$, so 6 O: 1 in the ring (as part of the hemiacetal), and 5 in OH? Wait, no, the correct structure: Glucose has a six - membered ring (5 C and 1 O), with each C (except the one with the hemiacetal) having an OH and H. Let's count the bonds:
          - C - C: 5 (ring)
          - C - O: 5 (1 in ring, 4 OH? No, 6 O: 1 in ring, 5 OH? Wait, no, the formula is $C_6H_{12}O_6$, so the number of bonds:
            - For C: each C forms 4 bonds. 6 C atoms: 6×4 = 24 bond - ends.
            - For H: 12 H atoms, each forms 1 bond: 12 bond - ends.
            - For O: 6 O atoms, each forms 2 bonds: 12 bond - ends.
            - Total bond - ends: 24 + 12+12 = 48. Each bond has 2 ends, so number of bonds $=\frac{48}{2}=24$. But wait, maybe the diagram is a simplified glucose. Looking at the diagram, the glucose has a hexagonal ring with some OH and H. Let's count from the diagram:
              - The ring has 6 atoms (5 C and 1 O). The bonds in the ring: 5 C - C and 1 C - O. Then, each C in the ring (except maybe one) has an OH and H. Let's count:
                - Ring bonds: 6 (5 C - C, 1 C - O)
                - C - OH bonds: 5 (since 5 C in ring with OH? Wait, the diagram shows a glucose with several OH and H. Alternatively, maybe the answer is 24 (but that's the total for the molecular formula). But maybe the diagram - based count: Let's see the given glucose structure. The ring has 6 atoms (5 C, 1 O). The bonds in the ring: 5 C - C, 1 C - O. Then, the other bonds: each C has H and OH. Let's count all single bonds:
                  - C - C: 5
                  - C - O: 5 (1 in ring, 4 OH? No, the diagram has more. Wait, maybe the intended answer is 24 (since glucose has 24 covalent bonds: 6 C - C, 6 C - O, and 12 C - H and O - H? No, O - H is also a bond. Wait, let's calculate properly:
                    - C - C bonds: In glucose, the carbon chain (in open form) has 5 C - C bonds, but in ring form, it's 5 C - C and 1 C - O. But maybe the question is about the diagram. The diagram shows a glucose with a hexagonal ring (6 atoms: 5 C, 1 O). Let's count the bonds:
                      - Ring bonds: 5 C - C, 1 C - O (total 6)
                      - Then, the side bonds: each C has H and OH. Let's count the number of bonds:
                        - The central C (with the thick bond) has bonds: C - C (2), C - O (1), C - H (1), C - OH (1)? Wait, this is getting too complicated. Alternatively, the standard answer for the number of bonds in glucose (molecular) is 24. But maybe the diagram - based count: Let's see the given structure. The glucose has:
                          - 6 C atoms.
                          - Each C is bonded to other atoms. Let's count all single bonds:
                            - C - C: 5 (ring)
                            - C - O: 5 (1 in ring, 4 OH)
                            - C - H: 7 (maybe)
                            - O - H: 5 (from OH)
                            - Wait, no, this is messy. Alternatively, the answer is 24.
## Step 2: Conclusion
After counting, the number of bonds in glucose is 24 (considering all covalent bonds in the molecule $C_6H_{12}O_6$).
# Answer:
24

### Question 18
# Explanation:
## Step 1: Analyze one pyruvate structure
The pyruvate structure is $C_3H_4O_3$ (from the diagram: each pyruvate has 3 C, 4 H, 3 O). Let's count the bonds in one pyruvate:
- C - C bonds: 2 (between the three C atoms)
- C - O bonds: 2 (one C = O, one C - O - H)
- C - H bonds: 3 (each of the two terminal C has 3 H? Wait, no, the diagram shows:
  - The first pyruvate: $H_3C - CO - COOH$ (simplified). Wait, the given diagram for pyruvate:
    - The central C is double - bonded to O (C = O), and single - bonded to C, C, and O - H.
    - Let's count the bonds in one pyruvate:
      - C - C: 2
      - C = O: 2 (double bonds, each double bond is 1 bond? No, a double bond is one bond with two electron pairs, but in terms of counting bonds (as in number of bonds, where a double bond is one bond for the purpose of counting? Wait, the question says "count double bonds appropriately". So a double bond is one bond (but with two shared pairs). Wait, no, when counting the number of bonds, a double bond is considered as one bond (but has a higher bond order). Wait, the question says "how many bonds", so we count each bond (single or double) as one.
      - In one pyruvate:
        - C - C: 2 (single)
        - C = O: 2 (double)
        - C - H: 3 (single)
        - C - O: 1 (single, in C - O - H)
        - O - H: 1 (single)
        - Wait, let's sum: 2 (C - C) + 2 (C = O) + 3 (C - H)+1 (C - O)+1 (O - H) = 9.
## Step 2: Calculate for two pyruvates
Since there are two pyruvate molecules, we multiply the number of bonds in one pyruvate by 2. So $9\times2 = 18$.
# Answer:
18

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