Question

ancient mesopotamia begin to appear regularly in the near and middle east. this means that sometime between c.2500 and c.2100 bce, there was an increase in the influx of horses into the region. from the origin and the spread of the war chariot by elias manuel morgado pinheiro (2010). the author’s argument could best be understood in the context of which of the following historical developments? choose 1 answer: a there was an exchange of technology and methods of transportation between the steppes and mesopotamia. b there was an exchange of technology and methods of transportation between the mongol empire and the steppes. c mesopotamian military expeditions spread their civilization and city-states into the eurasian steppes d the independent development of new technologies within mesopotamian society spread to the steppes

Explanation:

1. Analyze Option A: The time period (c.2500 - c.2100 BCE) and the influx of horses into Mesopotamia align with the exchange of technology (like chariot - related) and transportation methods between the steppes (where horses were prominent) and Mesopotamia.
2. Analyze Option B: The Mongol Empire existed much later (13th - 14th century CE), not in the c.2500 - c.2100 BCE time frame, so this is incorrect.
3. Analyze Option C: Mesopotamian city - states and civilization were more focused on their own region and did not spread into the Eurasian steppes through military expeditions in this time period; the direction of influence here is more likely from steppes to Mesopotamia in terms of horse - related transport, so this is wrong.
4. Analyze Option D: The text implies an influx (external source) of horses, not independent development within Mesopotamia spreading to steppes, so this is incorrect.

Answer:

A. There was an exchange of technology and methods of transportation between the steppes and Mesopotamia.