Question

1.5 cheaters, study components: researchers studying the relationship between honesty, age, and self - control conducted an experiment on 160 children between the ages of 5 and 15. participants reported their age, sex, and whether they were an only child or not. the researchers asked each child to toss a fair coin in private and to record the outcome (white or black) on a paper sheet, and said they would only reward children who report white. half the students were explicitly told not to cheat and the others were not given any explicit instructions. in the
o instruction\ group the probability of cheating was found to be uniform across groups based on a childs characteristics. in the group that was explicitly told to not cheat, girls were less likely to cheat, and while rate of cheating didnt vary by age for boys, it decreased with age for girls (ritz et al. 2000). identify the following
a) what are the cases?
o boys or girls
o all children ages 5 to 15
o the coin flips
o the 160 children between the ages of 5 to 15
b) what are the variables and their types?
o the variables and types are age (discrete), sex (ordinal), whether they were an only child or not (regular categorical), the result of the coin flip (regular categorical), whether the children were given instructions or not (regular categorical), and whether the child cheated (regular categorical)
o the variables and types are age (discrete), sex (regular categorical), whether they were an only child or not (regular categorical), the result of the coin flip (regular categorical), whether the children were given instructions or not (regular categorical), and whether the child cheated (regular categorical)
o the variables and types are age (discrete), sex (regular categorical), whether they were an only child or not (regular categorical)
o the variables and types are age (discrete numerical), sex (ordinal), whether they were an only child or not (regular categorical), the result of the coin flip (regular categorical), whether the children were given instructions or not (regular categorical)

Explanation:

a) In a study, cases refer to the entities being observed or analyzed. Here, the researchers are observing 160 children between 5 - 15 years old, so they are the cases.
b) Age is a discrete variable as it can take on specific whole - number values (ages 5 - 15). Sex is a regular categorical variable (male or female). Whether a child is an only child or not is a regular categorical variable (yes or no). Whether instructions were given or not is a regular categorical variable (yes or no). The result of the coin flip is a regular categorical variable (white or black). Whether the child cheated is a regular categorical variable (yes or no).

Answer:

a) the 160 children between the ages of 5 to 15
b) The variables and types are age (discrete), sex (regular categorical), whether they were an only child or not (regular categorical), the result of the coin flip (regular categorical), whether the children were given instructions or not (regular categorical), and whether the child cheated (regular categorical)