Question

choose the best answers.
9.1) ______ what was the first program of scientific research and development to be implemented by the u.s. government?
a. the national science foundation
b. the department of the interior
c. the national academy of sciences
d. the national institution of standards and measures
9.2) ______ what was the main purpose for the establishment of the national academy of sciences?
a. to honor the nation’s leading scientists and policymakers
b. to tackle scientific questions, conduct experiments, and report a recommendation to the government
c. design degree programs for universities
d. to create advanced surgical procedures for civil war surgeons
9.3) list two important creations resulting from the national academy of sciences.
□ creation of the atomic bomb
□ creation of the u.s. geological survey
□ creation of the u.s. forest service
□ invention of steel - hulled ships
9.4) select two ways research and development are important to a nation.
□ to create new industries, businesses, and jobs
□ to increase the money supply
□ to increase benefits for entitlement programs
□ to increase the standard of living
9.5) ______ which factor does not determine what scientific advancements will prevail?
a. the federal budget process and local and national regulations
b. development expense and timeline
c. free market forces
d. patent laws and tax incentives
9.6) ____ __ encourage(s) invention and innovation by ensuring that inventors can benefit from their ideas without others stealing them.
a. patent laws
b. tax incentives
c. the national academy of sciences
d. corporations

Explanation:

9.1) The National Academy of Sciences was the first U.S. government scientific R&D program, founded in 1863. Other options were established later.
9.2) The National Academy of Sciences was created to advise the government by addressing scientific questions, conducting research, and providing recommendations.
9.3) The U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Forest Service were key creations linked to the National Academy of Sciences' work.
9.4) R&D drives new industries/jobs and raises living standards; it does not directly control money supply or entitlement benefits.
9.5) Free market forces do not determine which scientific advancements prevail, as government budgets, costs, regulations, and incentives are the key determinants.
9.6) Patent laws grant inventors exclusive rights to their ideas, preventing theft and encouraging innovation.

Answer:

9.1) C. the National Academy of Sciences
9.2) B. to tackle scientific questions, conduct experiments, and report a recommendation to the government
9.3) creation of the U.S. Geological Survey
creation of the U.S. Forest Service
9.4) to create new industries, businesses, and jobs
to increase the standard of living
9.5) C. free market forces
9.6) A. Patent laws