Question

define valence electron and identify number of valence electrons in an element using periodic table
describe and identify types of chemical bonding
properties of ionic and covalent compounds
identify the elements and calculate the number of atoms in a chemical formula
identify special properties of water including surface tension and specific heat (5.04)
explain how the bonds between water molecules affect its properties
compare acids and bases. be able to explain their properties and give examples
know ph scale and explain hydronium and hydroxide concentration
explain how to use an acid - base indicator to determine ph

Explanation:

Valence electrons are outer - shell electrons involved in chemical bonding. To find valence electrons in an element using the periodic table, for main - group elements, the group number (except for transition metals) gives the number of valence electrons. Chemical bonding types include ionic (transfer of electrons) and covalent (sharing of electrons). Ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points, are hard and brittle, and conduct electricity in molten or aqueous state. Covalent compounds have lower melting/boiling points, are often gases or liquids at room temperature, and do not conduct electricity well. In a chemical formula, the subscripts indicate the number of atoms of each element. Water has unique properties like high surface tension due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Acids release hydrogen ions ($H^+$) in solution, bases release hydroxide ions ($OH^-$). The pH scale ranges from 0 - 14, with pH 7 being neutral. Acid - base indicators change color depending on the pH of the solution.

Answer:

Valence electrons are outer - shell electrons involved in chemical bonding. To find valence electrons in an element using the periodic table, for main - group elements, the group number (except for transition metals) gives the number of valence electrons. Chemical bonding types include ionic (transfer of electrons) and covalent (sharing of electrons). Ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points, are hard and brittle, and conduct electricity in molten or aqueous state. Covalent compounds have lower melting/boiling points, are often gases or liquids at room temperature, and do not conduct electricity well. In a chemical formula, the subscripts indicate the number of atoms of each element. Water has unique properties like high surface tension due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Acids release hydrogen ions ($H^+$) in solution, bases release hydroxide ions ($OH^-$). The pH scale ranges from 0 - 14, with pH 7 being neutral. Acid - base indicators change color depending on the pH of the solution.