Question

1. describe chhatrapati shivaji maharaj as one of the great king.

ch. - 4 medieval architecture, cities, merchants and craftsmen.
♦ fill in the blanks.

1. a person who is proficient in architecture is called an _.
2. the best specimen of mughal architecture ,taj mahal is built by _.
3. _ is one of the twelve most sacred jyotirlingas in india.
4. the city of ahmedabad was established by _.

♦ state whether the following statements are true or false.

1. capital of vijaynagar was hampi.
2. world famous merchants like malik vora and virji gopi lived in surat.
3. diu, daman, goa, mumbai, chennai, puducherry, kochi developed with the arrival of european companies.
4. the pride of gujarat is garba which is associated with worship and praise of goddess shakti.
5. the patola work done by ladies of bhavnagar is in great demand, all over the world.

♦ answer the following questions in one word.

1. by which other name is sun temple of konark known?
2. with the help of which tools is sculpture made ?
3. where is somnath temple located?
4. which garden is developed in the middle of kankaria lake?

♦ answer the following questions in one sentence.

1. who built the rani ni vav and where?
2. what is said about adi - kadi step - well?
3. name the book written by sarangdev of devgiri and haripal dev of gujarat.
4. what is the speciality of temples of south india?
5. which fort of kumbhalgarh and chittod are important pieces of hindu architecture during medieval time?

♦ explain following terms.

1. hudo
2. gopuram

♦ give reasons.

1. sun temple of konark is also known as black pagoda.
2. hampi was a major centre of trade and commerce.

♦ write short note on:

1. rudra mahalaya
2. navratri garba festival
3. urbanization during medieval period

ch. - 11 components of the environment and interrelationships
♦ fill in the blanks.

1. _ is the only planet in the solar system which has natural environment.
2. high tides are formed by _ or storm.
3. man - made environment is also known as _ environment.

♦ state whether the following statements are true or false.

1. the main source of fresh water is ocean.
2. the time interval between two tides is 15 hours.
3. tides occurs on the earth due to gravitational force of jupiter and saturn.
4. in the pacific ocean there is a trench which is 10 to 11 kms deep.
5. man does excavation in lithosphere to obtain minerals.

♦ answer the following questions in one word.

1. environment is made up of how many components?
2. how many times a day does the sea - level rises and falls ?
3. what is the phenomenon of rising and falling of sea called ?
4. what is unnecessary, excessive, unbearable sound known as?

♦ explain the following terms.

1. biosphere
2. atmosphere
3. hydrosphere

♦ answer the following questions in two to three sentences.

1. what are the reasons of land pollution?
2. what are the causes of air pollution?
3. what are the measures to prevent water pollution?
4. due to which pollutants air pollution increases?
5. write adverse effects of noise pollution.

♦ give reasons.

Answer:

1. For the description of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: He was a visionary leader who established the Maratha Empire, known for military - strategic acumen, administrative reforms, and religious tolerance.
2. Fill - in - the - blanks answers: 1. Architect; 2. Shah Jahan; 3. Somnath (or other jyotirlingas); 4. Ahmad Shah I
3. True or false answers: 1. True; 2. True; 3. True; 4. True; 5. True
4. One - word answers: 1. Black Pagoda; 2. Chisel and hammer; 3. Saurashtra; 4. Nagina Wadi
5. One - sentence answers: 1. Rani Udayamati built Rani ni Vav in Patan. 2. Adi - Kadi Step - Well is an important step - well with architectural significance. 3. Sarangdev wrote 'Sangeet Ratnakar'. 4. South Indian temples are known for their Dravidian architecture and large gopurams. 5. Kumbhalgarh Fort and Chittorgarh Fort are important.
6. Term explanations: 1. Hudo: Information not provided, unable to explain precisely. 2. Gopuram: A monumental tower at the entrance of a South Indian temple, often highly decorated.
7. Giving reasons: 1. Sun temple of Konark is called Black Pagoda due to its dark color and the way it absorbs heat, also it was a navigational landmark for European sailors. 2. Hampi was a major trade and commerce center as it was strategically located, had a large market, and was a center for the trade of precious stones, textiles etc.
8. Short notes: 1. Rudra Mahalaya: Information not provided, unable to write a note precisely. 2. Navratri Garba Festival: It is a nine - day festival in Gujarat, where people perform Garba dance in worship of Goddess Durga. It is a vibrant cultural event with music, dance, and colorful attire. 3. Urbanization during medieval period: It was driven by trade, growth of markets, construction of temples and forts, and the presence of rulers. Towns developed around important religious centers, trade routes, and administrative centers.
9. Second set of fill - in - the blanks answers: 1. Earth; 2. Strong winds; 3. Anthropogenic
10. Second set of true or false answers: 1. False; 2. False; 3. False; 4. True; 5. True
11. Second set of one - word answers: 1. Four; 2. Twice; 3. Tides; 4. Noise pollution
12. Second set of term explanations: 1. Biosphere: The global sum of all ecosystems, where living organisms interact with the non - living components of the environment. 2. Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding the Earth, which is essential for life as it provides oxygen, protects from harmful radiation etc. 3. Hydrosphere: All the water on the Earth's surface, including oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater etc.
13. Second set of two - three sentence answers: 1. Reasons of land pollution: Industrial waste disposal, improper waste management, use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture, deforestation. 2. Causes of air pollution: Industrial emissions, vehicular exhausts, burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities like stubble burning. 3. Measures to prevent water pollution: Treatment of industrial and domestic waste before disposal, proper sewage management, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides near water bodies. 4. Pollutants due to which air pollution increases: Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds. 5. Adverse effects of noise pollution: Hearing loss, stress, sleep disturbances, reduced productivity, and cardiovascular problems.