Question

foldables
make a three - tab foldable to record information about each state of matter under the tabs.
image of a foldable with solid, liquid, gas

think it over

1. relate how does particle speed relate to the distance between particles?

visual check

1. draw circle the particles that show the weakest attractive forces between them.

particles in motion
have you ever wondered what makes something a solid, a liquid, or a gas? two main factors that determine the state of matter are particle motion and particle forces.

atoms, ions, or molecules make up all matter. these particles can move in different ways. in some matter, they are close together and vibrate back and forth. in other matter, the particles are farther apart. sometimes, they slide past each other. at other times, they move freely and spread out. it does not matter how close the particles are to each other. all particles have random motion. random motion is movement in all directions and at different speeds. if particles are free to move, they move in straight lines until they collide with something. collisions usually change the speed and direction of the particles’ movements.

forces between particles
recall that atoms that make up matter have positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. these opposite charges attract each other. they create attractive forces between any two particles. attractive forces pull particles together.

strong attractive forces hold slow - moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. as the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther apart. when they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. the spaces between them increase. this bigger space lets other particles slip past. as the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. in time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. the particles move randomly and spread out.

particle motion
three images: first with particles close, vibrating; second with particles moving faster, slipping; third with particles far apart, moving fast
particles move slowly and can only vibrate in place. therefore, the attractive forces between particles are strong.
particles move faster and slip past each other. the distance between particles increases. therefore, the attractive forces between particles are weaker.
particles move fast. the distance between the particles is great, and therefore, the attractive forces between particles are very weak.

96 states of matter
reading essentials

Explanation:

Question 2 (Relate: How does particle speed relate to the distance between particles?)

From the text and diagrams: As particle speed increases, particles move faster. Faster - moving particles move farther apart (e.g., in solids, particles move slowly and are close; in liquids, faster and a bit farther; in gases, fastest and farthest). So, generally, as particle speed increases, the distance between particles increases. When speed is low (like in solids), distance is small; as speed rises (liquids, then gases), distance between particles grows because faster motion overcomes attractive forces more, leading to greater separation.

The third diagram (labeled "Particles move fast. The distance between the particles is great, and therefore, the attractive forces between particles are very weak") has particles that are farthest apart. Since weaker attractive forces correspond to greater distance between particles (as per the text: "as the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart... the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them"), we circle the particles in the third diagram (the one with particles that are far apart and moving fast).

Answer:

As particle speed increases, the distance between particles generally increases. Lower - speed particles (e.g., in solids) are closer together, while higher - speed particles (e.g., in gases) are farther apart because faster motion helps particles overcome attractive forces, resulting in greater separation.

Question 3 (Draw: Circle the particles that show the weakest attractive forces between them)