Question

1. how do particle motion and distance between particles change as a solid substance becomes a gas?
2. which kind of vaporization can occur at any temperature between the freezing and boiling points of a substance?
3. if a lunar astronaut wanted to know the quantity of matter in a moon rock that he had collected, would he want to know its mass or weight? explain.
4. a glass of milk sits on a table. what forces act on the glass of milk?

Explanation:

Step1: Analyze particle - motion and distance in solid to gas change

In a solid, particles vibrate in fixed positions and are closely packed. As a solid becomes a gas, particles gain more kinetic energy. They move freely and randomly, and the distance between particles increases significantly.

Step2: Identify vaporization type

Evaporation is the type of vaporization that can occur at any temperature between the freezing and boiling points of a substance. It is a surface - level phenomenon.

Step3: Differentiate mass and weight for moon rock

Mass is the amount of matter in an object and is constant regardless of location. Weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity. On the moon, gravity is different from that on Earth. So, the astronaut would want to know the mass of the rock as it represents the quantity of matter.

Step4: Determine forces on glass of milk

The force of gravity pulls the glass of milk downward, and the normal force exerted by the table acts upward, balancing the force of gravity.

Answer:

1. Particle motion becomes free and random, and the distance between particles increases significantly.
2. Evaporation.
3. Mass, because mass represents the quantity of matter and is constant regardless of location, while weight depends on the gravitational force.
4. The force of gravity acting downward and the normal force exerted by the table acting upward.