Question

non polar covalent bonding
if the electronegativity values are nearly equal, the bond is considered nonpolar covalent; in other words, if the electrons are shared equally between atoms the bond between them is a non polar covalent bond.
the polarity of a bond lies on a spectrum. the greater the electronegativity difference between the atoms the more the polar the bond is.
what is the difference between polar and non polar bonds, in terms of electronegativities and sharing of electrons?

metallic bonding
metallic bonding is a unique type of chemical bonding that occurs between metal atoms, characterized by the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of metal cations. in this bonding structure, electrons are not bound to any particular atom but rather move freely throughout the metal, creating what is often described as a \sea of electrons\
in order for any materials to be able to conduct electricity, there needs to be free flowing electrons. the free flowing electrons in metallic compounds is the reason why they are malleable. the free flowing electrons can conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water. ionic compounds, when dissolved in water, will form ions, which are able to conduct electricity. understanding metallic bonding is crucial for many applications, including the development of new materials and technologies in industries ranging from electronics to construction.

Explanation:

1. For polar vs nonpolar covalent bonds: The key difference lies in electronegativity disparity and electron sharing. Nonpolar bonds have nearly equal electronegativities, so electrons are shared equally. Polar bonds have a larger electronegativity difference, leading to unequal electron sharing (electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom).
2. For metallic bonding's conductivity: Metals conduct electricity because their "sea of electrons" (free, delocalized electrons) can flow freely through the metal lattice when an electrical potential is applied, carrying electrical charge.

Answer:

1. In nonpolar covalent bonds, the electronegativity of the bonded atoms is nearly equal, so electrons are shared perfectly equally between the atoms. In polar covalent bonds, there is a significant electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms, so electrons are shared unequally (pulled closer to the more electronegative atom).
2. Metallic materials conduct electricity because they have a delocalized "sea of free electrons" that can move freely throughout the metal lattice, carrying electrical charge when a voltage is applied.