Question

a. in your own words, describe hunds first and second rules that describe electron arrangement. b. create the orbital notation for the element potassium. describe the orbital notation in detail. for example, 1s: up arrow down arrow, 2s up arrow down arrow; 2p three up arrows.

Explanation:

A.

Hund's first rule states that electrons will occupy empty orbitals within a sub - level before pairing up, maximizing the number of unpaired electrons with parallel spins. This is to minimize electron - electron repulsion and achieve a lower energy state. Hund's second rule says that for degenerate orbitals, electrons will have parallel spins as much as possible.

B.

Potassium (K) has an atomic number of 19. Its electron configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹. In orbital notation:
1s: up arrow down arrow
2s: up arrow down arrow
2p: up arrow down arrow, up arrow down arrow, up arrow down arrow
3s: up arrow down arrow
3p: up arrow down arrow, up arrow down arrow, up arrow down arrow
4s: up arrow

Answer:

A.

Hund's first rule: Electrons fill empty orbitals first in a sub - level before pairing, with parallel spins. Second rule: Electrons in degenerate orbitals have parallel spins when possible.

B.

1s: up arrow down arrow; 2s: up arrow down arrow; 2p: up arrow down arrow, up arrow down arrow, up arrow down arrow; 3s: up arrow down arrow; 3p: up arrow down arrow, up arrow down arrow, up arrow down arrow; 4s: up arrow