part 2: identify each of the following as an example of primary succession or secondary succession. write your answers in the column below.

| type of succession | example of succession |
| --- | --- |
| 1. | an old house was torn down. small weeds and grasses grew in the vacant lot. over the next few years, bushes and tree seedlings began to grow. |
| 2. | an undersea volcano erupted and formed a small island. mosses and lichens began to grow on the bare volcanic rock. |
| 3. | a logging company cut down all the large spruce trees in an area of forest. after the area was cleared, spruce seedlings began t sprout. rabbits, birds, and deer returned to the area. |

part 3: use the reading and the diagram below to answer the following questions in the space provided.

(diagram of secondary succession showing stages after a fire: 0 years (fire), 1 - 2 years (annual plants), 3 - 4 years (grasses and perennials), 5 - 150 years (grasses, shrubs, pines, young oak and hickory), 150+ years (mature oak and hickory forest); labels: pioneer species, intermediate species, climax community; © 2006 encyclopædia britannica, inc)

4. the illustration above shows succession following a forest fire. how did the plant populations in the community change over time? explain your answer in the space below. write in complete sentences and use time order words such as, first, next, or lastly.

5. what organisms are usually the pioneer species in a new area? ____________ how do these organisms prepare the area for other species? ____________

Question

part 2: identify each of the following as an example of primary succession or secondary succession. write your answers in the column below.

| type of succession | example of succession |
| --- | --- |
| 1. | an old house was torn down. small weeds and grasses grew in the vacant lot. over the next few years, bushes and tree seedlings began to grow. |
| 2. | an undersea volcano erupted and formed a small island. mosses and lichens began to grow on the bare volcanic rock. |
| 3. | a logging company cut down all the large spruce trees in an area of forest. after the area was cleared, spruce seedlings began t sprout. rabbits, birds, and deer returned to the area. |

part 3: use the reading and the diagram below to answer the following questions in the space provided.

(diagram of secondary succession showing stages after a fire: 0 years (fire), 1 - 2 years (annual plants), 3 - 4 years (grasses and perennials), 5 - 150 years (grasses, shrubs, pines, young oak and hickory), 150+ years (mature oak and hickory forest); labels: pioneer species, intermediate species, climax community; © 2006 encyclopædia britannica, inc)

4. the illustration above shows succession following a forest fire. how did the plant populations in the community change over time? explain your answer in the space below. write in complete sentences and use time order words such as, first, next, or lastly.

5. what organisms are usually the pioneer species in a new area? ____________ how do these organisms prepare the area for other species? ____________

Accepted Answer

### Part 2:
#### 1.
# Brief Explanations:
Secondary succession occurs in an area where a disturbance (like tearing down a house) has happened, but soil and some organisms still exist. Here, the vacant lot had soil, so small weeds/grasses (pioneer) then bushes/trees grew.
# Answer:
1. Secondary Succession

#### 2.
# Brief Explanations:
Primary succession starts on bare rock (no soil) from events like volcanic eruptions. The island from the volcano has bare volcanic rock, so mosses/lichens (pioneer species of primary succession) grow first.
# Answer:
2. Primary Succession

#### 3.
# Brief Explanations:
Secondary succession happens after a disturbance (logging) that removes most vegetation but leaves soil. The area had soil, spruce seedlings sprouted, and animals returned, so it's secondary.
# Answer:
3. Secondary Succession

### Part 4:
# Brief Explanations:
First, after the forest fire (0 years), the area is cleared. Next, within 1 - 2 years, annual plants (pioneer species) grow. Then, in 3 - 4 years, grasses and perennials appear. After that, from 5 - 150 years, grasses, shrubs, pines, and young oak/hickory (intermediate species) grow. Lastly, after 150+ years, a mature oak and hickory forest (climax community) forms. The plant populations change from simple, small pioneer species to more complex, larger climax species over time, with increasing biodiversity and structural complexity.
# Answer:
After the forest fire (first), the area is left with damaged vegetation. Next, within 1 - 2 years, annual plants grow as pioneer species. Then, in 3 - 4 years, grasses and perennials start to thrive. After that, from 5 - 150 years, intermediate species like grasses, shrubs, pines, and young oak and hickory trees grow. Lastly, after 150+ years, a mature oak and hickory forest (the climax community) develops. Over time, the plant populations transition from simple, short - lived pioneer plants to more complex, long - lived climax species, with the community becoming more diverse and stable.

### Part 5:
#### First Question:
# Brief Explanations:
Pioneer species in a new area (especially for primary succession) are usually mosses, lichens, or simple annual plants. For secondary succession, they can be annual plants, grasses, etc. In primary succession (bare rock), mosses and lichens are common as they can grow on rock and start soil formation.
# Answer:
Mosses, lichens (for primary succession) or simple annual plants, grasses (for secondary succession) are usually pioneer species. (Commonly, mosses and lichens are typical pioneer species in a new area with bare rock; in disturbed areas with soil, annual plants/grasses can be pioneer species.)

#### Second Question:
# Brief Explanations:
Pioneer species like lichens secrete acids to break down rock into soil particles. Mosses can hold these particles and retain moisture. Over time, their dead organic matter adds to the soil, making it suitable for other, more complex plants to grow.
# Answer:
Pioneer species (e.g., lichens) secrete acids to break down rock into smaller particles, forming initial soil. Their dead remains and the organic matter they produce enrich the soil. Mosses can trap soil particles and hold water, further improving the soil quality and creating a more favorable environment for other plant species to establish.

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

Part 2:

1.

Answer:

2.

type of succession	example of succession
2.	an undersea volcano erupted and formed a small island. mosses and lichens began to grow on the bare volcanic rock.
3.	a logging company cut down all the large spruce trees in an area of forest. after the area was cleared, spruce seedlings began t sprout. rabbits, birds, and deer returned to the area.