Question

(a) a phone company determined that a higher income indicates that a customer has a more expensive calling plan. what does the analysis show? there is no correlation between income and calling - plan price. there is a correlation between income and calling - plan price. there may or may not be causation. further studies would have to be done to determine this. there is a correlation between income and calling - plan price. there is probably also causation. this is because there is an increase in the calling - plan price with an increase in income. (b) a produce stand conducted a study. it showed that a customer does not tend to buy more or less fruit when more samples are offered. what can we conclude? there is no correlation between amount of fruit bought and number of samples offered. there is a correlation between amount of fruit bought and number of samples offered. however, there is no causation. this is because there is probably an increase in the amount of fruit bought with an increase in the number of samples offered. there is a correlation between amount of fruit bought and number of samples offered. there may or may not be causation. further studies would have to be done to determine this. (c) ahmad compared the player statistics from his team’s soccer season. he determined that having less playing time implies that a player scores fewer goals. what should he say based on his findings? there is no correlation between playing time and number of goals. there is a correlation between playing time and number of goals. there may or may not be causation. further studies would have to be done to determine this. there is a correlation between playing time and number of goals. however, there is no causation. this is because there is a decrease in the number of goals with a decrease in playing time.

Explanation:

(a) A higher income is associated with a more expensive calling - plan, indicating a correlation. Just because there is a correlation doesn't necessarily mean there is causation. Further study is needed to determine causation.
(b) Since offering more samples doesn't lead to customers buying more or less fruit, there is no correlation between the amount of fruit bought and the number of samples offered.
(c) Less playing time implies fewer goals, showing a correlation. But correlation doesn't prove causation, so further studies are needed to establish causation.

Answer:

(a) There is a correlation between income and calling plan price. There may or may not be causation. Further studies would have to be done to determine this.
(b) There is no correlation between amount of fruit bought and number of samples offered.
(c) There is a correlation between playing time and number of goals. There may or may not be causation. Further studies would have to be done to determine this.