Question

1. consider the polar molecules in model 2.

a. in general, the presence of atoms of what element(s) makes a molecule polar?
a. what property do atoms of these elements have that helps make the molecules they are in polar?
a. can nonpolar molecules also have atoms of these elements? if yes, what distinguishes a non - polar molecule from a polar molecule?

1. in chemistry there is a saying \like dissolves like,\ which means things will mix with or dissolve into each other best when their polarities are similar.

a. is water polar or nonpolar?
a. is oil polar or nonpolar?
c. which of the substances in model 2 would dissolve well in water? justify your reasoning.
d. which of the substances in model 2 are more likely to dissolve well in oil? justify your reasoning.
e. which class of substances in model 2, polar or nonpolar, is more likely to be found in high concentrations in the bloodstream of a vertebrate? justify your reasoning.

1. refer to model 2.

a. what is another term for a polar molecule?
a. what is another term for a nonpolar molecule?
c. give the literal translation for the terms you gave in parts a and b above.

Explanation:

1. a: Oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine are common elements that make molecules polar due to their high electronegativity. High - electronegativity elements attract electrons more strongly in a covalent bond, creating a dipole moment.
2. b: Non - polar molecules can have these elements. The key difference is the molecular geometry and symmetry. In non - polar molecules, the bond dipoles cancel out due to symmetry, while in polar molecules, they do not.
3. 11a: Water is polar because of its bent molecular shape and the high electronegativity of oxygen, which creates a partial negative charge on the oxygen and partial positive charges on the hydrogens.
4. 11b: Oil is non - polar as it consists mainly of hydrocarbons with relatively even electron distribution and no significant dipole moments.
5. 11c: Polar substances in Model 2 would dissolve well in water because of the "like dissolves like" principle. Water is polar, so polar substances can form favorable interactions (such as hydrogen bonds) with water molecules.
6. 11d: Non - polar substances in Model 2 are more likely to dissolve well in oil. Since oil is non - polar, non - polar substances can mix with it through dispersion forces.
7. 11e: Polar substances are more likely to be found in high concentrations in the bloodstream of a vertebrate. The bloodstream is mainly water - based, and polar substances can dissolve and be transported in the aqueous environment of the blood.
8. 12a: A polar molecule is also called a hydrophilic molecule, which means "water - loving".
9. 12b: A non - polar molecule is also called a hydrophobic molecule, which means "water - fearing".
10. 12c: "Hydrophilic" translates to water - loving and "hydrophobic" translates to water - fearing.

Answer:

1. a: Oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine are common elements that make molecules polar due to high electronegativity.
2. b: Yes, non - polar molecules can have these elements. Symmetry determines if a molecule is polar or non - polar.
3. 11a: Polar.
4. 11b: Non - polar.
5. 11c: Polar substances in Model 2; due to "like dissolves like" and ability to form interactions with water.
6. 11d: Non - polar substances in Model 2; can mix with oil through dispersion forces.
7. 11e: Polar substances; the bloodstream is water - based.
8. 12a: Hydrophilic.
9. 12b: Hydrophobic.
10. 12c: Hydrophilic: water - loving; Hydrophobic: water - fearing.