Question

capacity before moving on.

• electrons on the outer most ring are known as valence electrons. these are the electrons that participate in chemical bonding.
• each dot represents one electron.

1. identify the elements shown in the bohr models below and give the number of valence electrons in each atom:

a.
element=
valence
electrons =
b.
element=
valence
electrons =
c.
element=
valence
electrons =

1. draw bohr models for the elements listed below and state the number of valence electrons in each.

a. nitrogen (n)
b. chlorine (cl)
c. calcium
*at the top of your screen check select the to \properties\ tab. next check (√) the box in the center next to \valence,\ this will show the valence electron count for each element appear in the bottom left of its symbol on the periodic table.

1. the transition metal family is very large, which group numbers are included as part of this family? can you see a pattern for their electron numbers?

Explanation:

For Question 22:

1. Part a: Count total electrons: 2 (inner ring) + 4 (outer ring) = 6. Atomic number 6 is Carbon; outer ring electrons = 4 valence electrons.
2. Part b: Count total electrons: 2 (first ring) + 8 (second ring) + 5 (outer ring) = 15. Atomic number 15 is Phosphorus; outer ring electrons = 5 valence electrons.
3. Part c: Count total electrons: 2 + 8 + 8 = 18. Atomic number 18 is Argon; outer ring electrons = 8 valence electrons.

For Question 23:

1. Nitrogen (N): Atomic number 7, electron configuration 2,5. Outer ring has 5 valence electrons.
2. Chlorine (Cl): Atomic number 17, electron configuration 2,8,7. Outer ring has 7 valence electrons.
3. Calcium (Ca): Atomic number 20, electron configuration 2,8,8,2. Outer ring has 2 valence electrons.

(Bohr model instructions: For N: 2 electrons on inner ring, 5 on outer ring; For Cl: 2, 8, 7 on 3 rings; For Ca: 2, 8, 8, 2 on 4 rings, with nucleus labeled with element symbol in center for each.)

For Question 24:

Transition metals occupy groups 3 through 12 on the periodic table. Their valence electrons are in both the outermost s orbital and inner d orbitals, so their valence electron counts vary and do not follow the main group pattern of matching group number.

Answer:

a. Element = Carbon (C); Valence Electrons = 4
b. Element = Phosphorus (P); Valence Electrons = 5
c. Element = Argon (Ar); Valence Electrons = 8
---
a. Nitrogen (N): Valence Electrons = 5
b. Chlorine (Cl): Valence Electrons = 7
c. Calcium (Ca): Valence Electrons = 2
---
Group numbers 3-12; Transition metals have partially filled d-orbitals, with valence electrons in both s and d subshells, so their valence electron counts do not follow a strict 1-8 pattern like main group elements.