Question

1. define matter
2. list the 2 types of properties of matter with an example of each using water.
3. what is chemistry?
4. list and define the 3 states of matter.
5. list and defines the 5 phase changes of matter.
6. define an element.
7. how many elements have been discovered and what are they listed on?
8. what is used to represent an element?
9. what are the 3 sets of information you can get from the periodic table?
10. how many neutrons are in: cadmium, terbium, mercury, nickel
11. define chemical change.
12. compare and contrast a physical change and a chemical change.
13. list and define the 2 types of burning reactions.
14. define boyles law, charles law, gay-lussac’s law, avogadro’s law.
15. define archimedes principle, pascal’s principle, and bernoulli’s principle.
16. a gas occupies 1.56l at 1.0 atm. what will be the volume of this gas if the pressure becomes 3.00 atm. (boyles)
17. at 225.0 c a gas has a volume of 400.0 ml. what is the volume of this gas at 127.0 c?
18. the pressure in an automobile tire is 1.88 atm at 25.0°c. what will be the pressure if the temperature warms up to 37.0°c?
19. a 25.5 liter balloon holding 3.5 moles of carbon dioxide leaks. if we are able to determine that 1.9 moles of carbon dioxide escaped before the container could be sealed, what is the new volume of the container?

Explanation:

Question 16

Step1: Identify the law

This problem involves Boyle's Law, which states that for a given amount of gas at constant temperature, the pressure and volume are inversely proportional. The formula is \( P_1V_1 = P_2V_2 \).

Step2: List the given values

We have \( V_1 = 1.56 \, \text{L} \), \( P_1 = 1.0 \, \text{atm} \), and \( P_2 = 3.00 \, \text{atm} \). We need to find \( V_2 \).

Step3: Rearrange the formula

From \( P_1V_1 = P_2V_2 \), we can solve for \( V_2 \) by dividing both sides by \( P_2 \): \( V_2 = \frac{P_1V_1}{P_2} \).

Step4: Substitute the values

Substitute \( P_1 = 1.0 \, \text{atm} \), \( V_1 = 1.56 \, \text{L} \), and \( P_2 = 3.00 \, \text{atm} \) into the formula: \( V_2 = \frac{1.0 \, \text{atm} \times 1.56 \, \text{L}}{3.00 \, \text{atm}} \).

Step5: Calculate the result

First, multiply the numerator: \( 1.0 \times 1.56 = 1.56 \). Then divide by the denominator: \( \frac{1.56}{3.00} = 0.52 \, \text{L} \).

Step1: Identify the law

This problem uses Charles's Law, which states that for a given amount of gas at constant pressure, the volume and temperature (in Kelvin) are directly proportional. The formula is \( \frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2} \).

Step2: Convert temperatures to Kelvin

We need to convert Celsius to Kelvin using \( T(K) = T(^\circ\text{C}) + 273.15 \).
For \( T_1 = 225.0^\circ\text{C} \): \( T_1 = 225.0 + 273.15 = 498.15 \, \text{K} \).
For \( T_2 = 127.0^\circ\text{C} \): \( T_2 = 127.0 + 273.15 = 400.15 \, \text{K} \).
We are given \( V_1 = 400.0 \, \text{ml} \) and need to find \( V_2 \).

Step3: Rearrange the formula

From \( \frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2} \), we solve for \( V_2 \): \( V_2 = \frac{V_1T_2}{T_1} \).

Step4: Substitute the values

Substitute \( V_1 = 400.0 \, \text{ml} \), \( T_1 = 498.15 \, \text{K} \), and \( T_2 = 400.15 \, \text{K} \) into the formula: \( V_2 = \frac{400.0 \, \text{ml} \times 400.15 \, \text{K}}{498.15 \, \text{K}} \).

Step5: Calculate the result

First, multiply the numerator: \( 400.0 \times 400.15 = 160060 \). Then divide by the denominator: \( \frac{160060}{498.15} \approx 321.3 \, \text{ml} \) (rounded to three significant figures).

Step1: Identify the law

This problem uses Gay-Lussac's Law, which states that for a given amount of gas at constant volume, the pressure and temperature (in Kelvin) are directly proportional. The formula is \( \frac{P_1}{T_1} = \frac{P_2}{T_2} \).

Step2: Convert temperatures to Kelvin

Convert Celsius to Kelvin: \( T(K) = T(^\circ\text{C}) + 273.15 \).
For \( T_1 = 25.0^\circ\text{C} \): \( T_1 = 25.0 + 273.15 = 298.15 \, \text{K} \).
For \( T_2 = 37.0^\circ\text{C} \): \( T_2 = 37.0 + 273.15 = 310.15 \, \text{K} \).
We are given \( P_1 = 1.88 \, \text{atm} \) and need to find \( P_2 \).

Step3: Rearrange the formula

From \( \frac{P_1}{T_1} = \frac{P_2}{T_2} \), solve for \( P_2 \): \( P_2 = \frac{P_1T_2}{T_1} \).

Step4: Substitute the values

Substitute \( P_1 = 1.88 \, \text{atm} \), \( T_1 = 298.15 \, \text{K} \), and \( T_2 = 310.15 \, \text{K} \) into the formula: \( P_2 = \frac{1.88 \, \text{atm} \times 310.15 \, \text{K}}{298.15 \, \text{K}} \).

Step5: Calculate the result

First, multiply the numerator: \( 1.88 \times 310.15 \approx 583.082 \). Then divide by the denominator: \( \frac{583.082}{298.15} \approx 1.956 \, \text{atm} \) (rounded to three significant figures).

Answer:

The new volume of the gas will be \( 0.52 \, \text{L} \).

Question 17