identify the logical fallacy described in each example.

ralph claims that the author of a well-documented study on lead impacts is unqualified, discounting the author’s results. this approach is an example of dropdown

jenny claims that a pesticide is safe because it replaces a pesticide that was toxic to exposed children. this statement is an example of dropdown

sebastian argues that a chemical is unsafe and should be banned because it has demonstrated toxicity at some concentrations. this argument is an example of dropdown

eloise states that a chemical is safe because it was approved by the federal government under the toxic substances control act. this statement is an example of dropdown

nadine argues against action on lead contamination in drinking water because it is impossible to fully understand the many factors that affect levels of lead in drinking water. this argument is an example of dropdown

anton claims that a pesticide is safe because exposed humans did not display acute symptoms of adverse effects. this claim is an example of dropdown

Question

identify the logical fallacy described in each example.

ralph claims that the author of a well-documented study on lead impacts is unqualified, discounting the author’s results. this approach is an example of dropdown

jenny claims that a pesticide is safe because it replaces a pesticide that was toxic to exposed children. this statement is an example of dropdown

sebastian argues that a chemical is unsafe and should be banned because it has demonstrated toxicity at some concentrations. this argument is an example of dropdown

eloise states that a chemical is safe because it was approved by the federal government under the toxic substances control act. this statement is an example of dropdown

nadine argues against action on lead contamination in drinking water because it is impossible to fully understand the many factors that affect levels of lead in drinking water. this argument is an example of dropdown

anton claims that a pesticide is safe because exposed humans did not display acute symptoms of adverse effects. this claim is an example of dropdown

Accepted Answer

### 1. Ralph's Claim
# Brief Explanations:
Ralph attacks the author's qualifications (ad hominem) instead of addressing the study's content. The fallacy is **ad hominem** (attacking the person, not the argument).
# Answer:
ad hominem

### 2. Jenny's Claim
# Brief Explanations:
Jenny assumes a pesticide is safe just because it replaces a toxic one (false dichotomy or appeal to novelty/relative safety, but more precisely **false analogy** or **false dilemma**—here, "safe because it’s not the old toxic one" is a false comparison; the correct fallacy is **false analogy** or **appeal to relative safety**, but the standard fallacy here is **false dilemma** or more accurately **appeal to novelty** (or "false comparison"). However, the key is she infers safety from replacing a toxic one, which is a **false analogy** or **appeal to relative safety**. But the precise fallacy is **false dilemma** (assuming only two options: toxic or safe) or **appeal to novelty** (new = safe). Alternatively, **false analogy** (comparing to the old pesticide to claim safety). The most accurate is **false analogy** or **appeal to relative safety**, but the standard fallacy here is **false dilemma** (or "argument from ignorance" is not, "straw man" no). Wait, the correct fallacy is **false analogy** (assuming that because it replaces a toxic one, it’s safe—wrong comparison) or **appeal to novelty** (new pesticide = safe). But the precise term is **false analogy** or **appeal to relative safety**. However, the standard fallacy for "safe because it’s not the old toxic one" is **false dilemma** (only two options: toxic or safe) or **appeal to novelty**. Alternatively, **argument from ignorance** (not toxic like old = safe). But the correct fallacy is **false analogy** (comparing to the old pesticide to conclude safety).
# Answer:
false analogy (or appeal to relative safety; more precisely, "false dilemma" or "appeal to novelty"—but the most accurate is false analogy)

### 3. Sebastian's Argument
# Brief Explanations:
Sebastian argues a chemical is unsafe at all concentrations because it’s toxic at some (**hasty generalization**—assuming what’s true at some concentrations is true at all).
# Answer:
hasty generalization

### 4. Eloise's Statement
# Brief Explanations:
Eloise claims safety because the government approved it (**appeal to authority**—relying on government approval as proof of safety, not evidence).
# Answer:
appeal to authority

### 5. Nadine's Argument
# Brief Explanations:
Nadine argues against action because full understanding is impossible (**argument from ignorance** or **appeal to complexity**—claiming we can’t act because we don’t fully understand, which is a form of **argument from ignorance** or **appeal to complexity**; the precise fallacy is **argument from ignorance** (we don’t know everything, so we can’t act) or **appeal to complexity** (complexity = no action). The standard term is **argument from ignorance** (or "appeal to complexity" is less common; "argument from ignorance" is: lack of full knowledge = no action).
# Answer:
argument from ignorance (or appeal to complexity)

### 6. Anton's Claim
# Brief Explanations:
Anton claims safety because no acute symptoms (**hasty generalization** or **argument from ignorance**—assuming no acute symptoms = safe, ignoring chronic effects; this is a **hasty generalization** (assuming short - term absence of symptoms means long - term safety) or **argument from ignorance** (no acute symptoms observed = safe). The more precise fallacy is **hasty generalization** (generalizing from acute symptoms to overall safety).
# Answer:
hasty generalization (or argument from ignorance)

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

1. Ralph's Claim

Answer:

2. Jenny's Claim