Question

1. what must happen for evolution to occur in a population?

a. allele frequencies must change
b. allele frequencies must stay the same
c. individuals must grow larger
d. all organisms must mutate

1. which condition is required for hardy-weinberg equilibrium?

a. natural selection
b. no mutation
c. nonrandom mating
d. small population size

1. which is a chance change in allele frequency?

a. natural selection
b. gene flow
c. genetic drift
d. sexual selection

1. genetic drift affects which populations the most?

a. large populations
b. plant populations
c. small populations
d. predator populations

1. the founder effect occurs when:

a. a population grows very large
b. individuals randomly mate
c. a small group starts a new population
d. mutations increase

1. which event reduces genetic diversity due to population loss?

a. founder effect
b. bottleneck
c. gene flow
d. natural selection

Explanation:

1. Evolution is defined as changes in a population's allele frequencies over generations; stable frequencies mean no evolution, individual size changes don't drive population evolution, and universal mutation isn't required.
2. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires no evolutionary forces acting; no mutation is one of its core conditions, while natural selection, nonrandom mating, and small population size disrupt equilibrium.
3. Genetic drift is specifically the random, chance change in allele frequencies in a population, unlike natural/sexual selection (non-random, trait-based) and gene flow (movement of alleles between populations).
4. Genetic drift has a much more pronounced effect on small populations, as chance events can more easily alter allele frequencies compared to large populations where random changes are diluted.
5. The founder effect is a type of genetic drift that occurs when a small subset of a larger population establishes a new, isolated population, carrying only a fraction of the original genetic diversity.
6. The bottleneck effect happens when a population is drastically reduced in size (population loss), leading to a sharp drop in genetic diversity as only a small set of alleles remains in the surviving population.

Answer:

1. A. Allele frequencies must change
2. B. No mutation
3. C. Genetic drift
4. C. Small populations
5. C. A small group starts a new population
6. B. Bottleneck