Question

1. write the complete orbital box diagrams for each of the following elements, using orbital boxes to represent orbitals and arrows to represent electrons. a. aluminum, z = 13 b. phosphorus, z = 15 c. bromine, z = 35 d. argon, z = 18

Explanation:

Step1: Recall electron - filling rules

Use the Aufbau principle (fill orbitals in order of increasing energy: 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p etc.), Pauli - exclusion principle (each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spins), and Hund's rule (fill degenerate orbitals singly first with parallel spins).

Step2: Determine electron configuration for aluminum (Z = 13)

The electron configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹. In orbital - box diagram:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑

Step3: Determine electron configuration for phosphorus (Z = 15)

The electron configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p³. In orbital - box diagram:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑ ↑ ↑

Step4: Determine electron configuration for bromine (Z = 35)

The electron configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁵. In orbital - box diagram:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
4s: ↑↓
3d: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
4p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

Step5: Determine electron configuration for argon (Z = 18)

The electron configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶. In orbital - box diagram:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

Answer:

For aluminum:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑

For phosphorus:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑ ↑ ↑

For bromine:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
4s: ↑↓
3d: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
4p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

For argon:
1s: ↑↓
2s: ↑↓
2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3s: ↑↓
3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓